What do systematic reviews say?

Intranasal steroid drops vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for the prevention of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Rufinamide vs placebo

Rufinamide probably leads to higher adverse effects: nausea compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Rufinamide add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.87 [1.33, 2.64]
  3 studies · 1295 participants
  Moderate

Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) vs mitomycin

Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) showed no clear difference in serious adverse effects compared with mitomycin C (MMC) (low certainty).

• Intravesical Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin versus mitomycin C for Ta and T1 bladder cancer 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.31 [0.82, 6.52]
  5 studies · 1024 participants
  Low

Chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone

• Salvage systemic therapy for advanced gastric and oesophago‐gastric junction adenocarcinoma 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 448 participants
  High

CBT vs audiological care (tinnitus education and rehabilitation

• Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 410 participants
  Moderate

CBT vs TRT (directive counselling and bilateral masking)

CBT showed no clear difference in serious adverse effects compared with TRT (directive counselling and bilateral masking) (low certainty).

• Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.45 [0.04, 4.64]
  1 study · 42 participants
  Low

CBT vs other experimental control

CBT showed no clear difference in serious adverse effects compared with other experimental control (low certainty).

• Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.7 [0.16, 18.36]
  6 studies · 595 participants
  Low

MVA85A vs placebo

MVA85A showed no clear difference in serious adverse effects compared with placebo (high certainty).

• MVA85A vaccine to enhance BCG for preventing tuberculosis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RD 0
  3 studies · 3692 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Prosthetic rehabilitation for older dysvascular people following a unilateral transfemoral amputation 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Mefloquine vs doxycycline

Mefloquine showed no clear difference in serious adverse effects compared with doxycycline; GRADE not reported.

• Mefloquine for preventing malaria during travel to endemic areas 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.53 [0.23, 10.24]
  3 studies · 3722 participants
  GRADE not reported

Mefloquine vs atovaquone‐proguanil

Mefloquine showed no clear difference in serious adverse effects compared with atovaquone‐proguanil; GRADE not reported.

• Mefloquine for preventing malaria during travel to endemic areas 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.4 [0.08, 23.22]
  4 studies · 3693 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oxcarbazepine vs placebo

Oxcarbazepine probably leads to higher serious adverse effects compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Oxcarbazepine for neuropathic pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.65 [1.45, 9.2]
  3 studies · 634 participants
  Moderate

Antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) changes adverse effects: tremor compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes

  short-term (up to 3 months)
  RR 2.11 [0.21, 21.32]
  1 study · 37 participants
  Very low

Antibiotics at time of replacement vs no antibiotics at time of replacement

It is very uncertain whether antibiotics at time of replacement changes adverse effects (Death) compared with no antibiotics at time of replacement (very low certainty).

• Policies for replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.12 [0.2, 22.2]
  1 study · 70 participants
  Very low

Allopurinol 100‐300 mg daily vs febuxostat 80 mg daily

Allopurinol 100‐300 mg daily showed no clear difference in serious adverse effects compared with febuxostat 80 mg daily (moderate certainty).

• Allopurinol for chronic gout 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.13 [0.71, 1.82]
  3 studies · 2556 participants
  Moderate

Allopurinol vs benzbromarone

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Allopurinol for chronic gout 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

FLUPENTHIXOL vs LOW‐POTENCY ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS

• Flupenthixol versus low‐potency first‐generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Mobile phone messaging for communicating results of medical investigations 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Structured risk assessment vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether structured risk assessment changes adverse effects (escape) compared with standard professional care (very low certainty).

• Risk assessment for aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.2 [0.01, 4.11]
  1 study · 200 participants
  Very low

Antihypertensive drug therapy vs placebo

• Pharmacological treatment of hypertension in people without prior cerebrovascular disease for the prevention of… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 16830 participants
  Very low