Non-Cochrane · other · PM42709287
Ageing effects on chemical, physical, mechanical, and morphological properties of clear aligners - a systematic review.
Almotairy Nabeel, Aleisa Fahad, Alshammari Abdulrahman K · Progress in orthodontics · 2026 · PubMed · doi:10.1186/s40510-026-00642-1
Findings
Population Clear aligner materials
17 findings
| Immersion in red wine at 37 °C | None | Colour change (ΔE) 7 days · Laboratory | N-weighted mean ΔE 11.5 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Immersion in red wine at 37 °C | None | Colour change (ΔE) 7 days · Laboratory · Zendura | no estimate extracted GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Immersion in red wine at 37 °C | None | Colour change (ΔE) 7 days · Laboratory · Erkodur | no estimate extracted GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Immersion in red wine at 37 °C | None | Colour change (ΔE) 7 days · Laboratory · Invisalign | no estimate extracted GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Immersion in red wine at 37 °C | None | Colour change (ΔE) 7 days · Laboratory · GA ghost | no estimate extracted GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Immersion in red wine at 37 °C | None | Colour change (ΔE) 7 days · Laboratory · Essix | no estimate extracted GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Immersion in tea at 37 °C | None | Colour change (ΔE) 7 days · Laboratory · Invisalign | no estimate extracted GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Immersion in tea at 37 °C | None | Colour change (ΔE) 7 days · Laboratory · Clear Correct | no estimate extracted GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Immersion in tea at 37 °C | None | Colour change (ΔE) 7 days · Laboratory | N-weighted mean ΔE 18.4 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Immersion in coffee at 37 °C | None | Colour change (ΔE) 7 days · Laboratory | N-weighted mean ΔE 70.9 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Immersion in coffee at 37 °C | None | Colour change (ΔE) 7 days · Laboratory · Zendura | no estimate extracted GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Immersion in coffee at 37 °C | None | Colour change (ΔE) 7 days · Laboratory · Erkodur | no estimate extracted GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Immersion in coffee at 37 °C | None | Colour change (ΔE) 7 days · Laboratory · Essix | no estimate extracted GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Immersion in coffee at 37 °C | None | Colour change (ΔE) 7 days · Laboratory · GA ghost | no estimate extracted GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Immersion in coffee at 37 °C | None | Colour change (ΔE) 7 days · Laboratory · CA Prodin | no estimate extracted GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Immersion in coffee at 37 °C | None | Colour change (ΔE) 7 days · Laboratory · Invisalign | no estimate extracted GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Immersion in coffee at 37 °C | None | Colour change (ΔE) 7 days · Laboratory · Clear Correct | no estimate extracted GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
Included primary studies 178
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen et al., 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 4 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chen et al., 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 2 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bhate & Nagesh, 2024 Assessment of the Effect of Thermoforming Process and Simulated Aging on the Mechanical Properties of Clear Aligner Material. PMID:39156374 | 2024 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Choi et al., 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cintora-Lopez et al., 2023 In vitro analysis of the influence of the thermocycling and the applied force on orthodontic clear aligners DOI:10.3389/fbioe.2023.1321495 | 2023 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Daniele et al., 2020 Thermoplastic Disks Used for Commercial Orthodontic Aligners: Complete Physicochemical and Mechanical Characterization DOI:10.3390/ma13102386 | 2020 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fang et al., 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Puchert et al., 2025 Influence of Water Storage on the Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Aligners: An In Vitro Study DOI:10.3390/bioengineering13010021 | 2025 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Xiang et al., 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ahmed & Ismail, 2025 Dimensional Stability and Weight Change of Orthodontic Clear Aligners Exposed to Hot and Cold Beverages: An In Vitro Study DOI:10.1155/adv/6251993 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ahmed & Ismail, 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ajwa et al., 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ajwa et al., 2025 Comparative color stability assessment of orthodontic clear aligners: an in vitro study. PMID:39814781 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Albertini et al., 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Albertini et al., 2022 Stress Relaxation Properties of Five Orthodontic Aligner Materials: A 14-Day In-Vitro Study. PMID:36004874 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alhendi et al., 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alhendi et al., 2022 Structural Conformation Comparison of Different Clear Aligner Systems: An In Vitro Study. PMID:35621526 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Aljumaily & Al-Khatib, 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Aljumaily & Al-Khatib, 2023 HARDNESS AND ELASTIC MODULUS ASSESSMENT FOR TWO ALIGNER MATERIALS BEFORE AND AFTER THERMOCYCLING: A COMPARATIVE STUDY. PMID:37522779 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alwaneen & Alqahtani, 2025a matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alwaneen & Alqahtani, 2025a Effect of elevated beverage temperatures on the physical and mechanical properties of invisalign clear aligners: an in-vitro simulation… PMID:40495071 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alwaneen & Alqahtani, 2025b The Effectiveness of Different Cleaning Methods for Clear Orthodontic Aligners: Impacts on Physical, Mechanical, and Chemical… PMID:40574148 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Arabpour et al., 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Arabpour et al., 2025 Evaluation of aging effects on the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of thermoplastic materials for orthodontic clear… PMID:41063132 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Barile et al., 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Barile et al., 2024 Thermoplastic clear dental aligners under cyclic compression loading: A mechanical performance analysis using acoustic emission technique. PMID:38310814 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Barile et al., 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Barile et al., 2025 Experimental assessment of damage and microplastic release during cyclic loading of clear aligners. PMID:39908302 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bernard et al., 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bernard et al., 2020 Colorimetric and spectrophotometric measurements of orthodontic thermoplastic aligners exposed to various staining sources and cleaning… PMID:32070379 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bhate & Nagesh, 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bouchema et al., 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bouchema et al., 2024 Chemical analysis and performance evaluation of ClearCorrect® aligners as received and after intraoral use: Implications for durability,… PMID:39490325 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bucci et al., 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bucci et al., 2019 Thickness of orthodontic clear aligners after thermoforming and after 10 days of intraoral exposure: a prospective clinical study. PMID:31495908 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Can et al., 2022 In-house 3D-printed aligners: effect of in vivo ageing on mechanical properties. PMID:33950232 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Casavola et al., 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Casavola et al., 2022 A full-field DIC analysis of the mechanical-deformation behavior of polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PET-G) aligners. PMID:35930946 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Casavola et al., 2025 Mechanical Behavior Analysis of PU and PETG Passive Clear Aligners under Simulated Swallowing Loads DOI:10.1007/s11665-025-11204-7 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Casavola et al., 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chen et al., 2023 Force degradation study on aligner plates immersed in various solutions. PMID:37799905 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chen et al., 2025 Advances in clear aligner therapy: comparative evaluation of the optical properties and bacterial adhesion of 3D direct-printed and… PMID:41410724 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Choi et al., 2025 Mechanical and viscoelastic properties of a temperature-responsive photocurable resin for 3D printed orthodontic clear aligners. PMID:40604113 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Choi et al., 2026 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Choi et al., 2026 Changes in the cytocompatibility, surface hardness, and surface topography of 3-dimensional-printed clear aligners after clinical use. PMID:41342830 | 2026 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cianci et al., 2020 Mechanical Behavior of PET-G Tooth Aligners Under Cyclic Loading DOI:10.3389/fmats.2020.00104 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cianci et al., 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ciavarella et al., 2019 Comparison of the Stress Strain Capacity between Different Clear Aligners DOI:10.2174/1874210601913010041 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ciavarella et al., 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cintora-Lopez et al., 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Condò et al., 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Condò et al., 2018 Mechanical properties of "two generations" of teeth aligners: Change analysis during oral permanence. PMID:29998941 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Condò et al., 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Condò et al., 2021 SEM characterization and ageing analysis on two generation of invisible aligners. PMID:34162371 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cremonini et al., 2022 A Spectrophotometry Evaluation of Clear Aligners Transparency: Comparison of 3D-Printers and Thermoforming Disks in Different Combinations DOI:10.3390/app122311964 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cremonini et al., 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cremonini et al., 2024 Comparison of stress relaxation properties between 3-dimensional printed and thermoformed orthodontic aligners: A pilot study of <i>in… DOI:10.25259/apos_201_2023 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cremonini et al., 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cui et al., 2025 Effects of simulated intraoral temperatures and wet environments on the stress relaxation properties of thermoplastic aligner materials. PMID:40165243 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Dalaie et al., 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Dalaie et al., 2021 Dynamic mechanical and thermal properties of clear aligners after thermoforming and aging. PMID:34180030 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Dalaie et al., 2024 Physical and chemical changes of clear aligners after thermoforming and intraoral exposure DOI:10.25259/apos_169_2023 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Dalaie et al., 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Daniele et al., 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Daniele et al., 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Daniele et al., 2021 Color Stability, Chemico-Physical and Optical Features of the Most Common PETG and PU Based Orthodontic Aligners for Clear Aligner Therapy. PMID:35012036 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Domingo-Jiménez et al., 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Domingo-Jiménez et al., 2024 Colourimetric changes experienced in three types of aligners according to the L'Eclairage Commission. PMID:39348237 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| El-Kabbany & Mohamed, 2026 Mechanical and Physical Properties of Zendura Flx™ after One and Two Weeks of Thermoformed Aligner Therapy: A Prospective Clinical Study DOI:10.4103/jnsm.jnsm_154_24 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| El-Kabbany & Mohamed, 2026 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Elkholy et al., 2023 Force decay of polyethylene terephthalate glycol aligner materials during simulation of typical clinical loading/unloading scenarios DOI:10.1007/s00056-021-00364-5 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Elkholy et al., 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Elshazly et al., 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Elshazly et al., 2023 Effect of thermomechanical aging of orthodontic aligners on force and torque generation: An in vitro study. PMID:37207526 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Elshazly et al., 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Elshazly et al., 2024 Effect of thermomechanical ageing on force transmission by orthodontic aligners made of different thermoformed materials: An experimental… PMID:38887908 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Elshazly et al., 2025 Effect of thermomechanical aging on force system of orthodontic aligners made of different thermoformed materials DOI:10.1007/s00056-024-00527-0 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Elshazly et al., 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fang et al., 2013 Dynamic stress relaxation of orthodontic thermoplastic materials in a simulated oral environment. PMID:24240895 | 2013 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fang et al., 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fang et al., 2020 Changes in mechanical properties, surface morphology, structure, and composition of Invisalign material in the oral environment. PMID:32487304 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fidan & Gelgor, 2026 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fidan & Gelgor, 2026 Effect of aging and mechanical brushing on color stability and translucency of three-dimensionally printed and thermoformed aligners of… PMID:41015424 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Galisteu-Luiz et al., 2026 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Galisteu-Luiz et al., 2026 Effect of cigarette smoke on surface roughness and bacterial adhesion of orthodontic aligners: an in vitro investigation. PMID:41545777 | 2026 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gerard Bradley et al., 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gerard Bradley et al., 2016 Do the mechanical and chemical properties of InvisalignTM appliances change after use? A retrieval analysis. PMID:25740599 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Goel et al., 2024 DOI:10.21276/jamdsr | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Goel et al., 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gold et al., 2022 Comparison of Optical Properties of Clear Aligners Before and After In-vivo Aging DOI:10.7860/jcdr/2022/59186.17033 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gold et al., 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| He et al., 2025 Evaluation of color stability and material surface stability of different types of clear aligners under curcumin staining in vitro DOI:10.1186/s12903-025-06225-6 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ihssen et al., 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ihssen et al., 2019 Effect of in vitro aging by water immersion and thermocycling on the mechanical properties of PETG aligner material. PMID:31578595 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jaggy et al., 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jaggy et al., 2020 ATR-FTIR Analysis and One-Week Stress Relaxation of Four Orthodontic Aligner Materials. PMID:32316154 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Khashashneh et al., 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Khashashneh et al., 2023 The Effect of 10% Carbamide Peroxide Dental Bleaching on the Physical Properties of Invisalign Aligners: An In Vitro Study. PMID:37297258 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kılıç et al., 2025 Comparative evaluation of the effect of different cleaning agents on colour and surface roughness of Invisalign clear aligners: a… DOI:10.1186/s12903-025-06928-w | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kobkiatkawin et al., 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kobkiatkawin et al., 2025 Color stability of clear aligners exposed to various beverages: an in vitro study. PMID:40596984 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Koletsi et al., 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Koletsi et al., 2023 In vivo aging-induced surface roughness alterations of Invisalign® and 3D-printed aligners. PMID:36573484 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kuntz et al., 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kuntz et al., 2024 Effects of aging on the tensile strength and surface condition of orthodontic aligners: a comparative study of five models. PMID:39540439 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kusum et al., 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kusum et al., 2025 Comparative Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Clear Aligner Biosheet Materials -An In Vitro Study. PMID:40655832 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lee et al., 2022 Thermo-mechanical properties of 3D printed photocurable shape memory resin for clear aligners. PMID:35428796 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lego et al., 2026 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lego et al., 2026 Comparison of optical properties and color stability of 3-dimensional (3D) printed shape memory and thermoformed clear aligners: A… PMID:41335087 | 2026 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Linjawi & Abushal, 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Linjawi & Abushal, 2022 Adaptational changes in clear aligner fit with time. PMID:35168255 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lira et al., 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lira et al., 2023 Effect of oral exposure on chemical, physical, mechanical, and morphologic properties of clear orthodontic aligners. PMID:37330727 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Liu et al., 2016 Colour stabilities of three types of orthodontic clear aligners exposed to staining agents. PMID:27660048 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Liu et al., 2025 Comparative mechanical performance of thermoplastic materials for clear aligners under simulated oral conditions. PMID:40984696 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lombardo et al., 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lombardo et al., 2015 Optical properties of orthodontic aligners--spectrophotometry analysis of three types before and after aging. PMID:26582007 | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lombardo et al., 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lombardo et al., 2017 Stress relaxation properties of four orthodontic aligner materials: A 24-hour in vitro study. PMID:27314603 | 2017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lorusso et al., 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lorusso et al., 2025 Dimensional stability of pet-g clear aligners with different thickness through cyclic compressive load tests: An in vitro study. PMID:40823117 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mehanaz et al., 2025 Effect of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption on the colour stability of various orthodontic aligners—an in vitro study DOI:10.2478/aoj-2025-0012 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mehanaz et al., 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mei et al., 2024 Biomechanical aging behaviour of clear aligners DOI:10.2478/aoj-2024-0006 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Memè et al., 2021 ATR-FTIR Analysis of Orthodontic Invisalign® Aligners Subjected to Various In Vitro Aging Treatments. PMID:33572096 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nicita et al., 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nicita et al., 2024 Chemical-Physical Characterization of PET-G-Based Material for Orthodontic Use: Preliminary Evaluation of micro-Raman Analysis. PMID:37247624 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nicita et al., 2025 Color Stability of PET-G in Clear Aligners: Impact of Prolonged Exposure to Everyday Substances and Its Psychological and Social… DOI:10.3390/engproc2025087050 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nicita et al., 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Olteanu et al., 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Olteanu et al., 2024 Color Stability of Various Orthodontic Clear Aligner Systems after Submersion in Different Staining Beverages. PMID:39203186 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Oyonarte et al., 2026 Mechanical properties of thermoformed and direct-printed aligner materials after immersion in 37 °C water: a 14-day in vitro study DOI:10.1038/s41598-026-36723-8 | 2026 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Oyonarte et al., 2026 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Papadopoulou et al., 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Papadopoulou et al., 2019 Changes in Roughness and Mechanical Properties of Invisalign® Appliances after One- and Two-Weeks Use. PMID:31357697 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Paradowska-Stolarz et al., 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Paradowska-Stolarz et al., 2023 Effects of Polishing and Artificial Aging on Mechanical Properties of Dental LT Clear® Resin. PMID:37367259 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Perumalla et al., 2026 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Perumalla et al., 2026 Assessing colour stability of direct printed and thermoformed aligners: An in vitro study on aesthetics longevity. PMID:41351940 | 2026 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Puchert et al., 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Safi’ai et al., 2025 Evaluation of Mechanical Properties, Color Stability, and Cleaning Efficacy of <scp>BioMed</scp> Clear Resin‐Based Dental Aligners DOI:10.1002/eng2.70052 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Safi’ai et al., 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Salvatori et al., 2025 Chemical composition and in vitro staining resistance of SmartTrack and ClearQuartz multilayered orthodontic clear aligners DOI:10.1016/j.xaor.2025.02.004 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Salvatori et al., 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sari et al., 2024 Evaluation of mechanical changes to clear aligners caused by exposure to different liquids DOI:10.2478/aoj-2024-0022 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sari et al., 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sayahpour et al., 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sayahpour et al., 2024 Effects of intraoral aging on mechanical properties of directly printed aligners vs. thermoformed aligners: an in vivo prospective… PMID:37936263 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sayahpour et al., 2024 Evaluation of thickness of 3D printed versus thermoformed aligners: A prospective in vivo ageing experiment. PMID:38859724 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sebar et al., 2025 Evaluation of In-Vivo Aging of 3D printed Orthodontic Aligners DOI:10.1109/memea65319.2025.11068024 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sebar et al., 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shirey et al., 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shirey et al., 2023 Comparison of mechanical properties of 3-dimensional printed and thermoformed orthodontic aligners. PMID:37142355 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Silva et al., 2025 DOI:10.1590/2177-6709.30.2.e2524262.oar | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Silva et al., 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Šimunović et al., 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Šimunović et al., 2023 Differential Stability of One-layer and Three-layer Orthodontic Aligner Blends under Thermocycling: Implications for Clinical Durability. PMID:38283309 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Šimunović et al., 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Šimunović et al., 2024 Color and Chemical Stability of 3D-Printed and Thermoformed Polyurethane-Based Aligners. PMID:38674987 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Simunovic et al., 2025a matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Simunovic et al., 2025a Impact of various cleaning protocols on the physical and aesthetic properties of 3D-printed orthodontic aligners. PMID:40447765 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Šimunović et al., 2025b matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Šimunović et al., 2025b Absorption and desorption dynamics of thermoformed and 3-dimensional-printed orthodontic aligners. PMID:40366328 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Siotou et al., 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Siotou et al., 2025 The Mechanical Properties of Orthodontic Aligners of Clear Aligner After Intraoral Use in Different Time Periods. PMID:39441556 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Staderini et al., 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Staderini et al., 2025 Chemical, optical, and morphological properties of TPU and PET-G samples after aging in artificial saliva: an in vitro study. PMID:40217188 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Taheri wt al., 2026 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Taheri wt al., 2026 3D volumetric changes and force delivery at the attachment region of different aligner materials. PMID:41776087 | 2026 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tamburrino et al., 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tamburrino et al., 2020 Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Polymers for Aligner Manufacturing: In Vitro Study. PMID:32397575 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Trehan et al., 2025 Unveiling the resilience of aligner materials: Comparative analysis of mechanical properties across thermoforming and saliva exposure DOI:10.18231/j.jco.v.9.i.3.15 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Trehan et al., 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Venkatasubramanian et al., 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Venkatasubramanian et al., 2022 Color stability of aligner materials on exposure to indigenous food products: An in-vitro study. PMID:37560499 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wu et al., 2025 Effects of printing layer thickness and build orientation on the mechanical properties and color stability of 3D-printed clear aligners. PMID:40037401 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Xiang et al., 2021 The force effects of two types of polyethylene terephthalate glyc-olmodified clear aligners immersed in artificial saliva. PMID:33980889 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match). Only the non-Cochrane dental reviews have study lists, so overlap with Cochrane reviews is not counted yet.
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Plastics used to fabricate clear aligners (different brands and material types) | Clear aligner materials: PETG, TPU/PU, PET, directly printed aligners (n=95 studies) |
| Intervention | Intraoral or simulated ageing (thermocycling, cyclic loading, liquid immersion, artificial saliva, stress relaxation) | In vitro simulated ageing, intraoral ageing with ex vivo testing (n=95) |
| Comparison | Different clear aligner brands and material types | Brand and material comparisons (n=95) |
| Outcomes | Chemical, physical, mechanical and morphological property changes | Chemical stability; water sorption; colour (delta E); thickness; thermal; viscoelastic, hardness, flexural, stiffness and force decay; surface roughness and structural integrity (n=95) |
| Study designs | In vivo, in vitro and ex vivo studies (cohort studies, RCTs, in vitro experiments) | Mostly in vitro; cohort in vivo studies; 2 RCTs (n=95) |
| Timing | Not specified | Not specified |
AMSTAR 2 items
Two independent extractors rated each item. Their ratings are shown side by side because they have not been reconciled yet. The overall rating follows Shea et al. 2017: one critical flaw gives Low, more than one gives Critically Low.
| Item | Extractor A | Extractor B | Agree |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1Research question includes PICO components | NR | Yes | no |
| 2Protocol established before the reviewcritical | NR | Partial Yes | no |
| 3Choice of study designs explained | NR | No | no |
| 4Comprehensive literature searchcritical | NR | Partial Yes | no |
| 5Study selection in duplicate | NR | Yes | no |
| 6Data extraction in duplicate | NR | Yes | no |
| 7List of excluded studies with reasonscritical | NR | Yes | no |
| 8Included studies described in detail | NR | Yes | no |
| 9Risk of bias assessed satisfactorilycritical | NR | RCT: Yes · NRSI: Yes | no |
| 10Funding of included studies reported | NR | No | no |
| 11Appropriate meta-analysis methodscritical | NR | RCT: N/A · NRSI: N/A | no |
| 12Impact of risk of bias on the pooled results | NR | N/A | no |
| 13Risk of bias accounted for in interpretationcritical | NR | Yes | no |
| 14Heterogeneity explained | NR | Yes | no |
| 15Publication bias investigatedcritical | NR | N/A | no |
| 16Conflicts of interest reported | NR | Yes | no |
| Overall | NR | Moderate | no |