Ventilator‐free days up to day 28 · adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome
1 finding from 1 review
Discontinuation of medication due to adverse events · adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome
It is very uncertain whether surfactants changes adverse events Defined as leading to discontinuation of study… compared with control (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Fitness to return to work at 12 months · adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Early all‐cause mortality (≤ 3 months) Reported at: 28 days; and 90 days. Time point not reported in 4 studies · adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome
It is very uncertain whether surfactants changes early all‐cause mortality (≤ 3 months) Reported at: 28 days; and 90… compared with control (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Late all‐cause mortality ( > 3 months · adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome
It is very uncertain whether surfactants changes late all‐cause mortality ( > 3 months) Reported at: 180 days compared with control (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Duration of mechanical ventilation · adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome
1 finding from 1 review
Downregulation of S. mutans virulence/biofilm gene expression (gtfB, gtfC, ftf) · Cariogenic bacteria (mainly Streptococcus mutans reference strains) and oral biofilms in vitro
Postbiotics reduce expression of S. mutans biofilm/virulence genes (gtfB, gtfC, ftf) in vitro (ungraded narrative synthesis).
1 finding from 1 review
Postbiotics and Dental Caries: A Systematic Review. 2025 All outcomesExposure 24 h to 7 days · Laboratory (in vitro)
Postbiotics downregulated expression of S. mutans virulence and exopolysaccharide-synthesis genes (e.g., gtfB, gtfC, gtfD, ftf) in 10 in vitro studies; no pooled estimate.
8 studies
GRADE not reported
Proposed inhibition of S. mutans adhesion to tooth surface (mechanism; direct adherence endpoint confirmed only in Ahn 2018) · Cariogenic bacteria (mainly Streptococcus mutans reference strains) and oral biofilms in vitro
Postbiotics inhibit S. mutans adhesion to tooth surfaces in vitro (ungraded narrative synthesis).
1 finding from 1 review
Reduced enamel demineralization · Cariogenic bacteria (mainly Streptococcus mutans reference strains) and oral biofilms in vitro
A single in vitro study found postbiotics reduce enamel demineralization (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Mortality before hospital discharge · Preterm infants for prevention of RDS
Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract showed no clear difference in mortality prior to discharge (from any cause) compared with modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Death or oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS
Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract showed no clear difference in death or oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age compared with modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Pneumothorax · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS
Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract showed no clear difference in pneumothorax compared with modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Pulmonary hemorrhage · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS
Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract showed no clear difference in pulmonary hemorrhage compared with modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Severe intraventricular hemorrhage in infants who received neuroimaging · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS
Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract showed no clear difference in severe IVH in infants receiving neuroimaging compared with modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Neurodevelopmental outcomes · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Mortality before hospital discharge · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS
Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract showed no clear difference in mortality prior to discharge compared with porcine minced lung surfactant extract (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS
Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract showed no clear difference in oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age compared with porcine minced lung surfactant extract (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Death or oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Pneumothorax · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Pulmonary hemorrhage · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found