Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

13 questions · 13 findings · 2 reviews · Periodontology

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No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 6 · 46.2%Very low 4 · 30.8%Low 3 · 23.1%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%

Placebo rinse vs Pre-treatment (baseline, same group)

Lactobacillus count (pre- vs post-treatment) · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years)

Placebo rinse did not significantly change Lactobacillus counts relative to baseline; not GRADE-rated.

1 finding from 1 review

The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… 2019 All outcomes
Pre- vs post-treatment · In vivo clinical trial (human oral cavity)
MD 0.34 [-0.50, 1.18]
2 studies · 30 participants
GRADE not reported

Placebo rinse vs Pre-treatment (baseline, same group)

Plaque · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years)

Placebo rinse did not significantly change plaque relative to baseline; not GRADE-rated.

1 finding from 1 review

The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… 2019 All outcomes
Pre- vs post-treatment · In vivo clinical trial (human oral cavity)
MD -0.19 [-0.39, 0.02]
7 studies · 152 participants
GRADE not reported

Placebo rinse vs Pre-treatment (baseline, same group)

Streptococcus mutans count · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years)

Placebo rinse did not significantly change Streptococcus mutans counts relative to baseline; not GRADE-rated.

1 finding from 1 review

The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… 2019 All outcomes
Pre- vs post-treatment · In vivo clinical trial (human oral cavity)
MD 0.34 [-0.07, 0.76]
5 studies · 71 participants
GRADE not reported

Chlorhexidine mouthwash vs placebo

Cariogenic bacteria (Mutans streptococci) · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

Chlorhexidine mouthwash reduced Mutans streptococci versus placebo, but certainty is very low.

1 finding from 1 review

The efficacy of mouthwashes on oral microorganisms and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment:… 2023 All outcomes
≤ 3 months
Colony count of MS was significantly reduced compared to placebos according to three studies [34; 48; 52]; colony count of MS was slightly reduced compared to placebo in a short time in one study [40].
4 studies
Very low

Herbal mouthwash vs placebo

Plaque · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

Herbal mouthwash reduced some plaque-related indices versus placebo, with low-certainty evidence.

1 finding from 1 review

The efficacy of mouthwashes on oral microorganisms and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment:… 2023 All outcomes
≤ 3 months
PI was significantly reduced compared to placebo [56]; VPI was significantly reduced compared to placebo [41]; PI was insignificantly reduced compared to placebo [19].
3 studies
Low

Chlorhexidine mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

Probing pocket depth (PPD/PD) · Orthodontic patients (any age) undergoing orthodontic treatment (mostly fixed appliances)

Chlorhexidine mouthwash may reduce pocket probing depth versus placebo in the short term (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

The efficacy of mouthwashes on oral microorganisms and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment:… 2023 All outcomes
<=3 months (short-term) · Orthodontic patients undergoing orthodontic treatment (randomized controlled trials; multiple countries)
PD was significantly reduced except mid-lingual site compared to placebo [32]. The changes of PD were significantly higher compared to placebo [56].
2 studies
Low

Herbal mouthwash vs placebo

Cariogenic bacteria (Mutans streptococci) · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

Herbal mouthwash reduced Mutans streptococci versus placebo, but certainty is very low.

1 finding from 1 review

The efficacy of mouthwashes on oral microorganisms and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment:… 2023 All outcomes
≤ 3 months
Colony count of MS was significantly reduced compared to placebo [52]; colony count was slightly reduced compared to placebo in a short time in one study [40].
2 studies
Very low

Herbal mouthwash vs placebo

Gingival inflammation-related index · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

Herbal mouthwash reduced gingival inflammation-related indices versus placebo, but certainty is very low.

1 finding from 1 review

The efficacy of mouthwashes on oral microorganisms and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment:… 2023 All outcomes
≤ 3 months
GBI was significantly reduced compared to placebo [41]; GBI was significantly reduced compared to placebo [56]; BI was significantly reduced compared to placebo [40].
3 studies
Very low

Chlorhexidine mouthwash vs placebo

Plaque index (PI) / oral hygiene · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

Chlorhexidine mouthwash reduced Plaque Index versus placebo, but certainty is very low.

1 finding from 1 review

The efficacy of mouthwashes on oral microorganisms and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment:… 2023 All outcomes
≤ 3 months
Plaque Index was significantly reduced compared to placebos according to two studies [20; 32].
2 studies
Very low

Chlorhexidine mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

Gingival index (GI) · Orthodontic patients (any age) undergoing orthodontic treatment (mostly fixed appliances)

Chlorhexidine mouthwash probably reduces the Gingival Index versus placebo in the short term (WMD -0.45, 95% CI -0.70 to -0.20; low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

The efficacy of mouthwashes on oral microorganisms and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment:… 2023 All outcomes
<=3 months (short-term) · Orthodontic patients undergoing orthodontic treatment (randomized controlled trials; multiple countries)
WMD -0.45 [-0.70, -0.20]
3 studies · 98 participants
Low

Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Placebo rinse

Lactobacillus count (CFU/mL) · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years)

Salvadora persica rinse reduced Lactobacillus counts more than placebo (favours Salvadora persica); not GRADE-rated.

1 finding from 1 review

The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… 2019 All outcomes
Post-treatment · In vivo clinical trial (human oral cavity)
MD -1.12 [-1.45, -0.79]
2 studies · 60 participants
GRADE not reported

Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Placebo rinse

Streptococcus mutans count · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years)

Salvadora persica rinse reduced Streptococcus mutans counts more than placebo (favours Salvadora persica); not GRADE-rated.

1 finding from 1 review

The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… 2019 All outcomes
Post-treatment · In vivo clinical trial (human oral cavity)
MD -1.42 [-2.08, -0.76]
5 studies · 142 participants
GRADE not reported

Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Placebo rinse

Plaque · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years)

Salvadora persica rinse reduced plaque more than placebo (favours Salvadora persica); certainty not GRADE-rated (Shekelle grade Ia).

1 finding from 1 review

The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… 2019 All outcomes
Post-intervention · In vivo clinical trial (human oral cavity)
MD -0.59 [-0.82, -0.35]
12 studies · 452 participants
GRADE not reported