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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

467 questions · 495 findings · 30 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 124 · 25.1%GRADE not reported 48 · 9.7%Very low 104 · 21%Low 134 · 27.1%Moderate 62 · 12.5%High 23 · 4.6%

Outcomes for all interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy vs control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy (comparison 20)

Abstinence · Pregnant women who smoke

Outcomes for all interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy leads to higher abstinence at 0 to 5 months postpartum compared with control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy (comparison 20) (high certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Outcomes for all interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy vs control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy (comparison 20)

Birthweight < 2500 (g) · Pregnant women who smoke

Outcomes for all interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy leads to lower low birthweight (under 2500 g) compared with control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy (comparison 20) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Outcomes for all interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy vs control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy (comparison 20)

Gestational age (preterm birth < 37 weeks) · Pregnant women who smoke

Outcomes for all interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy showed no clear difference in preterm birth (under 37 weeks) compared with control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy (comparison 20) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Outcomes for all interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy vs control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy (comparison 20)

Mean birthweight · Pregnant women who smoke

Outcomes for all interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy showed no clear difference in mean birthweight (g) compared with control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy (comparison 20) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Outcomes for all interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy vs control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy (comparison 20)

Stillbirth · Pregnant women who smoke

Outcomes for all interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy showed no clear difference in stillbirths compared with control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy (comparison 20) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Outcomes for all interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy vs control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy (comparison 20)

Admission to NICU (primary outcome)№ of participants: 204(1 RCT) · Pregnant women who smoke

Outcomes for all interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy leads to lower NICU admissions compared with control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy (comparison 20) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for fear of childbirth (tocophobia) vs usual care

Birth preferences: prefer caesarean section · women with fear of childbirth (tocophobia)

Non‐pharmacological interventions for fear of childbirth (tocophobia) showed no clear difference in birth preferences: prefer caesarean section compared with usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for fear of childbirth (tocophobia) vs usual care

Epidural analgesia during labour · women with fear of childbirth (tocophobia)

Non‐pharmacological interventions for fear of childbirth (tocophobia) showed no clear difference in epidural analgesia during labour compared with usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs standard‐of‐care therapy

Large‐for‐gestational age · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes mellitus

Combined diet and exercise interventions showed no clear difference in large‐for‐gestational age compared with standard care (child) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lifestyle interventions vs control ‐ Maternal outcomes

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: pre‐eclampsia · women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Lifestyle interventions showed no clear difference in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (pre‐eclampsia) compared with control ‐ Maternal outcomes (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review