Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

10 questions · 10 findings · 5 reviews · All outcomes

No studies found 5 · 50%GRADE not reported 4 · 40%Very low 1 · 10%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%

Electronic cigarette use vs Non-smokers (non-users)

Oral microbiota composition (dysbiosis; increased periodontal/opportunistic pathogens) · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health; predominantly natural dentition)

E-cigarette use is associated with oral microbiota dysbiosis and increased pathogenic bacteria compared with non-smokers (narrative synthesis; ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Postbiotic toothpaste vs Fluoride toothpaste alone

Increased salivary IgA · children aged 6‐12 years

Postbiotics increase salivary IgA (immune modulation) in human trials (ungraded narrative synthesis).

1 finding from 1 review
  • Postbiotics and Dental Caries: A Systematic Review. 2025 All outcomes
    Daily for 14 days to 4 weeks · Clinical; salivary/plaque sampling
    Postbiotic toothpaste significantly increased salivary IgA versus fluoride toothpaste (Basir 2022); the review also cites Lin 2022 for postbiotic immune modulation/IgA; no pooled estimate.
    1 study
    GRADE not reported

Postbiotic toothpaste vs Fluoride toothpaste alone

Increased salivary pH · children aged 6‐12 years

Postbiotic toothpaste raises salivary pH in one pediatric RCT (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review
  • Postbiotics and Dental Caries: A Systematic Review. 2025 All outcomes
    4 weeks · Clinical; salivary/plaque sampling
    Postbiotic toothpaste significantly increased salivary pH versus fluoride toothpaste in children (Basir 2022); postbiotics are also proposed to buffer acidic pH; no pooled estimate.
    1 study
    GRADE not reported

Educational intervention with information and practical components (theoretical oral health education plus practical skills training) for nursing staff and/or residents vs usual care

Economic: Increased costs of health care · People with serious mental illness (all included participants had schizophrenia); majority aged 18 to 65 years per NIMH 1987, or with…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Altered-cast technique RDP vs One-piece cast RDP

Patients with increased abutment tooth mobility · Partially edentulous patients treated with a distal-extension RDP

Altered-cast technique RDP showed no clear difference in patients with increased abutment tooth mobility compared with one-piece cast RDP; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic prophylaxis before dental procedure vs placebo or no prophylaxis

Mortality or serious adverse events requiring hospital admission · Adults or children at increased risk of bacterial endocarditis (pre-existing cardiac condition) undergoing an invasive dental procedure

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic prophylaxis before dental procedure vs placebo or no prophylaxis

Development of endocarditis due to other (non-dental) causes · Adults or children at increased risk of bacterial endocarditis (pre-existing cardiac condition) undergoing an invasive dental procedure

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic prophylaxis before dental procedure vs placebo or no prophylaxis

Adverse effects of antibiotics · Adults or children at increased risk of bacterial endocarditis (pre-existing cardiac condition) undergoing an invasive dental procedure

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic prophylaxis before dental procedure vs placebo or no prophylaxis

Cost implications of antibiotic provision · Adults or children at increased risk of bacterial endocarditis (pre-existing cardiac condition) undergoing an invasive dental procedure

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic prophylaxis before dental procedure vs placebo or no prophylaxis

Development of endocarditis (in those with definite indication for prophylaxis) · Adults or children at increased risk of bacterial endocarditis (pre-existing cardiac condition) undergoing an invasive dental procedure

It is very uncertain whether antibiotic prophylaxis before dental procedure changes development of endocarditis (in those with definite indication for… compared with no antibiotic prophylaxis or placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review