Buprenorphine detox may leads to higher drop out Number of participants who dropped out from the study compared with buprenorphine maintenance (low certainty).
Buprenorphine detox showed no clear difference in patients with positive urine at the end of treatment Number of… compared with buprenorphine maintenance (low certainty).
Buprenorphine detox may leads to higher self‐reported use at 12 months compared with buprenorphine maintenance (low certainty).
Buprenorphine detox showed no clear difference in enrolment in addiction treatment at 12 month compared with buprenorphine maintenance (low certainty).
Buprenorphine showed no clear difference in drop out Number of participants who did not complete the… compared with clonidine (moderate certainty).
Buprenorphine maintenance may leads to lower drop‐outs Number of participants who did not complete the study compared with buprenorphine detoxification (low certainty).
Buprenorphine maintenance showed no clear difference in use of primary substance Patients with positive urine test at the… compared with buprenorphine detoxification (low certainty).
Buprenorphine maintenance may leads to lower self reported use at 12‐month compared with buprenorphine detoxification (low certainty).
Buprenorphine maintenance showed no clear difference in enrolment in addiction treatment at 12‐month compared with buprenorphine detoxification (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether pharmacological detoxification treatment changes completion of treatment: clonidine versus buprenorphine, inpatient… compared with other pharmacological detoxification treatment (very low certainty).
Buprenorphine probably leads to higher initiation of naltrexone treatment Number of participants initiating… compared with clonidine (moderate certainty).
Dihydrocodeine showed no clear difference in abstinence Assessed by urinalysis post‐detoxification compared with buprenorphine (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether full or partial opioid agonist maintenance changes adverse events compared with placebo, detoxification only or psychological treatment… (very low certainty).
Full or partial opioid agonist maintenance showed no clear difference in days of unsanctioned opioid use (as number of days/30 or days/7) compared with placebo, detoxification only or psychological treatment… (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether full or partial opioid agonist maintenance changes self‐reported opioid use at treatment completion compared with placebo, detoxification only or psychological treatment… (very low certainty).
Full or partial opioid agonist maintenance probably leads to higher retention: proportion of participants retained in treatment compared with placebo, detoxification only or psychological treatment… (moderate certainty).
Dihydrocodeine showed no clear difference in treatment retention Early dropout compared with buprenorphine (low certainty).