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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

3,454 questions · 3,562 findings · 816 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 538 · 15.1%GRADE not reported 239 · 6.7%Very low 933 · 26.2%Low 1,041 · 29.2%Moderate 612 · 17.2%High 199 · 5.6%

Tranexamic acid vs placebo + standard care

Control of epistaxis: episodes of re‐bleeding over 10 days All treatments (topical and oral) · adults with nasal haemorrhage (epistaxis)

Tranexamic acid probably leads to lower control of epistaxis: episodes of re‐bleeding over 10 days All… compared with placebo plus usual care or usual care alone (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tranexamic acid vs placebo + standard care

Control of epistaxis: episodes of re‐bleeding over 10 days Oral treatment only · adults with nasal haemorrhage (epistaxis)

Tranexamic acid probably leads to lower control of epistaxis: episodes of re‐bleeding over 10 days Oral… compared with placebo plus usual care or usual care alone (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tranexamic acid vs placebo + standard care

Control of epistaxis: episodes of re‐bleeding over 10 days Topical application (10% gel) only · adults with nasal haemorrhage (epistaxis)

Tranexamic acid showed no clear difference in control of epistaxis: episodes of re‐bleeding over 10 days Topical… compared with placebo plus usual care or usual care alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tranexamic acid vs placebo + standard care

Severity of re‐bleeding: proportion of patients requiring blood transfusion within 10 days · adults with nasal haemorrhage (epistaxis)

Tranexamic acid showed no clear difference in severity of re‐bleeding: proportion of patients requiring blood… compared with placebo plus usual care or usual care alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Beta‐blockers vs control—cardiac surgery

All‐cause mortality (30 days)—cardiac surgery · patients with coronary heart disease and/or valvular heart disease

Beta‐blocker showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (30 days)—cardiac surgery compared with control—cardiac surgery (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Beta‐blockers vs control—non‐cardiac surgery

All‐cause mortality (30 days)—non‐cardiac surgery · patients with conditions requiring non‐cardiac surgery

Beta‐blocker showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (30 days)—non‐cardiac surgery compared with control—non‐cardiac surgery (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Provider‐ or system‐based interventions vs no intervention or another intervention

Reminder (to hospital staff to vaccinate patient) compared to reminder letter to GP on day of discharge · people aged 60 years and older living in the community

Provider‐ or system‐based interventions showed no clear difference in reminder (to hospital staff to vaccinate patient) compared to… compared with no intervention or another intervention (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Length of acute hospital stay (days) · adults with acute stroke

The intervention showed no clear difference in length of acute hospital stay (days) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review