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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
448 questions in 37 reviews · Multiple Sclerosis and Rare Diseases of the CNS
current versionsNo studies 50 · 11.2%Ungraded 14 · 3.1%Very low 132 · 29.5%Low 160 · 35.7%Moderate 76 · 17%High 16 · 3.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR The mean change of total correct score on the PASAT (2+3 sec) from baseline Scale from: 0 to 120 · Patients with memory disorder in multiple sclerosis Pharmacological treatment for memory disorder in multiple sclerosis (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 189 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR The number of patients experiencing diarrhoea · Patients with memory disorder in multiple sclerosis Pharmacological treatment for memory disorder in multiple sclerosis (2013) · Cochrane | RR 3.88 [1.66, 9.05] | 2 studies · 189 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR The number of patients experiencing nausea · Patients with memory disorder in multiple sclerosis Pharmacological treatment for memory disorder in multiple sclerosis (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.71 [0.93, 3.18] | 2 studies · 189 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR The number of patients experiencing abnormal dreams · Patients with memory disorder in multiple sclerosis Pharmacological treatment for memory disorder in multiple sclerosis (2013) · Cochrane | RR 2.91 [1.38, 6.14] | 2 studies · 189 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Comparison intervention Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR placebo Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR IFNß‐1a (Avonex) Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR IFNß‐1a (Rebif) Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR IFNß‐1b (Betaseron) Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Glatiramer acetate Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR IFNß‐1a Avonex Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR The annualised rate of relapse Scale from: 0 to infinity. · patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Rituximab for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 104 participants | Low |
Intervention NR The sum of the number of gadolinium‐enhancing T1‐weighted lesions Scale from: 0 to infinity. · patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Rituximab for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 104 participants | Low |
Intervention NR The number of patients with adverse effects · patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Rituximab for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.94, 1.05] | 1 study · 104 participants | Low |
Intervention NR The number of patients with serious adverse events · patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Rituximab for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.33, 2.52] | 1 study · 104 participants | Low |
Intervention NR The number of patients who withdrew or dropped out from the study because of AEs · patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Rituximab for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.13, 4.35] | 1 study · 104 participants | Low |
Intervention NR The number of patients with disability progression · patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Rituximab for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR The time to confirmed disease progression · patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Rituximab for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Sustained (6 months) EDSS increase after 3 years · patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis Interferon beta for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.82, 1.16] | 3 studies · 2026 participants | High |
Intervention NR Sustained (3 months) EDSS increase after 3 years · patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis Interferon beta for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.8, 0.97] | 2 studies · 1336 participants | High |
Intervention NR Sustained (3 or 6 months) EDSS increase at 3 years in patients with pre study relapses · patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis Interferon beta for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.75, 1.09] | 3 studies · 1106 participants | High |
Intervention NR Number of patients with at least one relapse during · patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis Interferon beta for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.84, 0.97] | 4 studies · 2639 participants | High |
Sildenafil vs placebo International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire 31 · patients with erectile dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis Sildenafil citrate for erectile dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 420 participants | Ungraded |
Sildenafil vs placebo International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire 41 · patients with erectile dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis Sildenafil citrate for erectile dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 420 participants | Ungraded |
Sildenafil vs placebo Sexual Encounter Profile questions 2 · patients with erectile dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis Sildenafil citrate for erectile dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [0.92, 1.78] | 1 study · 184 participants | Low |
Sildenafil vs placebo Sexual Encounter Profile questions 3 · patients with erectile dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis Sildenafil citrate for erectile dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.38 [1, 1.9] | 1 study · 187 participants | Low |
Sildenafil vs placebo Global Assessment Question · patients with erectile dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis Sildenafil citrate for erectile dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis (2012) · Cochrane | RR 2.72 [1.4, 5.28] | 2 studies · 406 participants | Moderate |
Statins plus beta interferon vs beta interferon Number of participants with relapses at 12 months Number of participants with relapses at 12 months · multiple sclerosis Statins for multiple sclerosis (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.45, 2.23] | 1 study · 34 participants | Very low |
Statins plus beta interferon vs beta interferon Number of participants with relapses at 24 months Number of participants with relapses at 24 months · multiple sclerosis Statins for multiple sclerosis (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.36, 1.36] | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
Statins plus beta interferon vs beta interferon Number of participants with progression at 12 months3 ‐ not reported · multiple sclerosis Statins for multiple sclerosis (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Statins plus beta interferon vs beta interferon Number of participants with progression at 24 months Number of participants with progression at 24 months · multiple sclerosis Statins for multiple sclerosis (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.13 [0.01, 2.22] | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
Statins plus beta interferon vs beta interferon Number of participants with new T2 or GELs at 12 months Number of participants with new T2 or GELs at 12 months · multiple sclerosis Statins for multiple sclerosis (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.3, 3.36] | 1 study · 34 participants | Very low |
Statins plus beta interferon vs beta interferon Number of participants with new T2 or GELs at 24 months3 ‐ not reported · multiple sclerosis Statins for multiple sclerosis (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Statins plus beta interferon vs beta interferon Changes of EDSS at 12 months Changes of EDSS at 12 months · multiple sclerosis Statins for multiple sclerosis (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 387 participants | Moderate |
Glatiramer acetate vs placebo Patients who progressed ‐ at 2 years · patients with multiple sclerosis Glatiramer acetate for multiple sclerosis (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.51, 1.12] | 2 studies · 299 participants | Ungraded |
Glatiramer acetate vs placebo Patients who progressed ‐ at 35 months · patients with multiple sclerosis Glatiramer acetate for multiple sclerosis (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.5, 1.29] | 1 study · 203 participants | Ungraded |
Glatiramer acetate vs placebo Change in disability score at the end of · patients with multiple sclerosis Glatiramer acetate for multiple sclerosis (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 301 participants | Ungraded |
Glatiramer acetate vs placebo Change in disability score at the end of · patients with multiple sclerosis Glatiramer acetate for multiple sclerosis (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 203 participants | Ungraded |
Glatiramer acetate vs placebo Mean number of relapses ‐ within 1 year of · patients with multiple sclerosis Glatiramer acetate for multiple sclerosis (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 287 participants | Ungraded |
Glatiramer acetate vs placebo Mean number of relapses ‐ at 2 years of · patients with multiple sclerosis Glatiramer acetate for multiple sclerosis (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 298 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Patients with progression of the disease ( · patients with Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Interferon Beta for Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.55, 1.43] | 2 studies · 123 participants | High |
Intervention NR Patients with severe adverse event ( · patients with Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Interferon Beta for Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.33, 1.92] | 1 study · 73 participants | High |
Intervention NR Patients with any related adverse event ( · patients with Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Interferon Beta for Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.9 [1.45, 2.48] | 2 studies · 123 participants | High |
Intervention NR Mean EDSS change at two years ( · patients with Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Interferon Beta for Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 73 participants | High |
Intervention NR Sustained increase in spasticity ( · patients with Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Interferon Beta for Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.32, 1] | 1 study · 50 participants | High |
Corticosteroids or ACTH vs placebo Worse or unimproved within 5 weeks from randomisation · multiple sclerosis patients with acute exacerbations Corticosteroids or ACTH for acute exacerbations in multiple sclerosis (2000) · Cochrane | OR 0.37 [0.24, 0.57] | 5 studies · 330 participants | Moderate |
Corticosteroids or ACTH vs placebo Mean disability (EDSS) score—at 1 week after randomisation · multiple sclerosis patients with acute exacerbations Corticosteroids or ACTH for acute exacerbations in multiple sclerosis (2000) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 62 participants | Moderate |
Corticosteroids or ACTH vs placebo Participants with new exacerbations during · multiple sclerosis patients with acute exacerbations Corticosteroids or ACTH for acute exacerbations in multiple sclerosis (2000) · Cochrane | OR 1.72 [0.57, 5.19] | 1 study · 51 participants | Very low |