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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

2,112 questions in 171 reviews · Eyes and Vision

current versions
No studies 587 · 27.8%Ungraded 95 · 4.5%Very low 446 · 21.1%Low 557 · 26.4%Moderate 361 · 17.1%High 66 · 3.1%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Binocular iPad treatment vs occlusion therapy
Change in distance BCVA in the amblyopic eye 12 months after cessation of treatment · 5‐ to 8‐year‐old children with amblyopia
Binocular versus standard occlusion or blurring treatment for unilateral amblyopia in children aged three to… (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Binocular iPad treatment vs occlusion therapy
Adherence to intervention Proportion of adherence to prescribed intervention across predefined categories · 5‐ to 8‐year‐old children with amblyopia
Binocular versus standard occlusion or blurring treatment for unilateral amblyopia in children aged three to… (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 63 participantsModerate
Binocular iPad treatment vs occlusion therapy
Proportion of participants experiencing an adverse event of permanent diplopia (double vision) Reports of diplopia across all measured time points · 5‐ to 8‐year‐old children with amblyopia
Binocular versus standard occlusion or blurring treatment for unilateral amblyopia in children aged three to… (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 63 participantsLow
Binocular iPad treatment vs occlusion therapy
Change in the interocular difference in contrast sensitivity Any validated test, from baseline to 16 (± 2) weeks · 5‐ to 8‐year‐old children with amblyopia
Binocular versus standard occlusion or blurring treatment for unilateral amblyopia in children aged three to… (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Binocular iPad treatment vs occlusion therapy
Measurable change in stereopsis after 8 (± 2) weeks and 16 (± 2) weeks of intervention 'Real change' in stereopsis is defined as a change in stereoacuity of two or more octaves. · 5‐ to 8‐year‐old children with amblyopia
Binocular versus standard occlusion or blurring treatment for unilateral amblyopia in children aged three to… (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Combined steroid and antibiotic therapy vs antibiotics alone
Outcomes* · eyes with acute endophthalmitis following an intraocular procedure (e.g. surgery, intravitreous injection)
Adjunctive steroid therapy versus antibiotics alone for acute endophthalmitis after intraocular procedure (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Combined steroid and antibiotic therapy vs antibiotics alone
Complete resolution of endophthalmitis at 3 months' · eyes with acute endophthalmitis following an intraocular procedure (e.g. surgery, intravitreous injection)
Adjunctive steroid therapy versus antibiotics alone for acute endophthalmitis after intraocular procedure (2022) · Cochrane
RR 1.08 [0.8, 1.45]1 study · 32 participantsVery low
Combined steroid and antibiotic therapy vs antibiotics alone
Visual acuity 6/6 to 6/18 at 3 months' · eyes with acute endophthalmitis following an intraocular procedure (e.g. surgery, intravitreous injection)
Adjunctive steroid therapy versus antibiotics alone for acute endophthalmitis after intraocular procedure (2022) · Cochrane
RR 1.95 [1.05, 3.6]2 studies · 60 participantsLow
Combined steroid and antibiotic therapy vs antibiotics alone
Visual acuity 6/6 to 6/18, or LogMAR 0.3 or better at 12 months' · eyes with acute endophthalmitis following an intraocular procedure (e.g. surgery, intravitreous injection)
Adjunctive steroid therapy versus antibiotics alone for acute endophthalmitis after intraocular procedure (2022) · Cochrane
RR 1.12 [0.92, 1.37]2 studies · 195 participantsLow
Combined steroid and antibiotic therapy vs antibiotics alone
Improvement in visual acuity at 3 months' · eyes with acute endophthalmitis following an intraocular procedure (e.g. surgery, intravitreous injection)
Adjunctive steroid therapy versus antibiotics alone for acute endophthalmitis after intraocular procedure (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Combined steroid and antibiotic therapy vs antibiotics alone
Intraocular pressure at 12 months' · eyes with acute endophthalmitis following an intraocular procedure (e.g. surgery, intravitreous injection)
Adjunctive steroid therapy versus antibiotics alone for acute endophthalmitis after intraocular procedure (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 167 participantsLow
Combined steroid and antibiotic therapy vs antibiotics alone
Adverse events at 3 to 12 months' · eyes with acute endophthalmitis following an intraocular procedure (e.g. surgery, intravitreous injection)
Adjunctive steroid therapy versus antibiotics alone for acute endophthalmitis after intraocular procedure (2022) · Cochrane
RR 1.41 [0.53, 3.74]3 studies · 227 participantsLow
Combined steroid and antibiotic therapy vs antibiotics alone
Costs associated with the interventions at 3 months' · eyes with acute endophthalmitis following an intraocular procedure (e.g. surgery, intravitreous injection)
Adjunctive steroid therapy versus antibiotics alone for acute endophthalmitis after intraocular procedure (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
ISBCS vs DSBCS
Endophthalmitis · people with bilateral age‐related cataracts (RCTs)
Immediate sequential bilateral surgery versus delayed sequential bilateral surgery for cataracts (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 1309 participantsLow
ISBCS vs DSBCS
Complications · people with bilateral age‐related cataracts (NRSs)
Immediate sequential bilateral surgery versus delayed sequential bilateral surgery for cataracts (2022) · Cochrane
RR 1.04 [0.47, 2.29]5 studies · 25739 participantsVery low
ISBCS vs DSBCS
Total costs per participant · people with bilateral age‐related cataracts (NRSs)
Immediate sequential bilateral surgery versus delayed sequential bilateral surgery for cataracts (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted4 studies · 4 participantsVery low
ISBCS vs DSBCS
Total costs per QALY · people with bilateral age‐related cataracts (NRSs)
Immediate sequential bilateral surgery versus delayed sequential bilateral surgery for cataracts (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
ISBCS vs DSBCS
BCDVA · people with bilateral age‐related cataracts (NRSs)
Immediate sequential bilateral surgery versus delayed sequential bilateral surgery for cataracts (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
ISBCS vs DSBCS
PROM · people with bilateral age‐related cataracts (NRSs)
Immediate sequential bilateral surgery versus delayed sequential bilateral surgery for cataracts (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
ISBCS vs DSBCS
Refraction NOT within 1.0 dioptres of target · people with bilateral age‐related cataracts (RCTs)
Immediate sequential bilateral surgery versus delayed sequential bilateral surgery for cataracts (2022) · Cochrane
RR 0.84 [0.57, 1.26]1 study · 982 participantsModerate
ISBCS vs DSBCS
Complications · people with bilateral age‐related cataracts (RCTs)
Immediate sequential bilateral surgery versus delayed sequential bilateral surgery for cataracts (2022) · Cochrane
RR 1.33 [0.52, 3.4]2 studies · 1305 participantsVery low
ISBCS vs DSBCS
Total costs per participant · people with bilateral age‐related cataracts (RCTs)
Immediate sequential bilateral surgery versus delayed sequential bilateral surgery for cataracts (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 1 participantsLow
ISBCS vs DSBCS
Total costs per QALY · people with bilateral age‐related cataracts (RCTs)
Immediate sequential bilateral surgery versus delayed sequential bilateral surgery for cataracts (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
ISBCS vs DSBCS
BCDVA · people with bilateral age‐related cataracts (RCTs)
Immediate sequential bilateral surgery versus delayed sequential bilateral surgery for cataracts (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 2 participantsVery low
ISBCS vs DSBCS
PROMs · people with bilateral age‐related cataracts (RCTs)
Immediate sequential bilateral surgery versus delayed sequential bilateral surgery for cataracts (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 1297 participantsModerate
ISBCS vs DSBCS
Endophthalmitis · people with bilateral age‐related cataracts (NRSs)
Immediate sequential bilateral surgery versus delayed sequential bilateral surgery for cataracts (2022) · Cochrane
RR 1.97 [0.32, 12.16]7 studies · 570322 participantsLow
ISBCS vs DSBCS
Refraction NOT within 1.0 dioptres of target · people with bilateral age‐related cataracts (NRSs)
Immediate sequential bilateral surgery versus delayed sequential bilateral surgery for cataracts (2022) · Cochrane
RR 1.02 [0.6, 1.75]3 studies · 946 participantsLow
Tocilizumab every 4 weeks vs placebo
Proportion of participants with sustained remission (as defined by study investigators) at ≥ 12 months · adults aged over 50 years with giant cell arteritis
Tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis (2022) · Cochrane
RR 4.25 [1.21, 14.88]1 study · 30 participantsModerate
Tocilizumab every 4 weeks vs placebo
Adverse events at ≥ 12 months · adults aged over 50 years with giant cell arteritis
Tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis (2022) · Cochrane
RR 1.07 [0.66, 1.73]1 study · 30 participantsModerate
Tocilizumab weekly vs placebo + 52‐week taper
Proportion of participants with sustained remission (as defined by study investigators) at ≥ 12 months · adults aged over 50 years with giant cell arteritis
Tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis (2022) · Cochrane
RR 3.17 [1.71, 5.89]1 study · 151 participantsModerate
Tocilizumab weekly vs placebo + 52‐week taper
Proportion of participants with relapse‐free survival at ≥ 12 months · adults aged over 50 years with giant cell arteritis
Tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis (2022) · Cochrane
RR 1.51 [1.13, 2.02]1 study · 151 participantsModerate
Tocilizumab weekly vs placebo + 52‐week taper
Proportion of all‐cause mortality at ≥ 12 months · adults aged over 50 years with giant cell arteritis
Tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Tocilizumab weekly vs placebo + 52‐week taper
Mean time to first relapse after induction of remission (weeks) at ≥ 12 months · adults aged over 50 years with giant cell arteritis
Tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Tocilizumab weekly vs placebo + 52‐week taper
Cumulative mean dose of corticosteroids at ≥ 12 months · adults aged over 50 years with giant cell arteritis
Tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Tocilizumab weekly vs placebo + 52‐week taper
Proportion of participants who did not need escape therapy (as defined by study investigators) · adults aged over 50 years with giant cell arteritis
Tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis (2022) · Cochrane
RR 1.71 [1.24, 2.35]1 study · 151 participantsModerate
Tocilizumab weekly vs placebo + 52‐week taper
Mean change in quality of life at ≥ 12 months using the 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey physical component score (SF‐36 PCS) · adults aged over 50 years with giant cell arteritis
Tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis (2022) · Cochrane
MD 8.18 [4.44, 11.9]1 study · 77 participantsModerate
Tocilizumab weekly vs placebo + 52‐week taper
Mean change in quality of life at ≥ 12 months using the 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey mental component score (SF‐36 MCS) · adults aged over 50 years with giant cell arteritis
Tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis (2022) · Cochrane
MD 5.61 [0.06, 11.16]1 study · 77 participantsModerate
Tocilizumab weekly vs placebo + 52‐week taper
Mean change in VAS (higher scores suggest greater disease activity and worse quality of life) at ≥ 12 months · adults aged over 50 years with giant cell arteritis
Tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 78 participantsModerate
Tocilizumab every 4 weeks vs placebo
Proportion of participants with relapse‐free survival at ≥ 12 months · adults aged over 50 years with giant cell arteritis
Tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis (2022) · Cochrane
RR 4.25 [1.21, 14.88]1 study · 30 participantsModerate
Tocilizumab weekly vs placebo + 52‐week taper
Adverse events at ≥ 12 months · adults aged over 50 years with giant cell arteritis
Tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis (2022) · Cochrane
RR 1.06 [0.98, 1.16]1 study · 151 participantsModerate
Tocilizumab weekly vs placebo + 26‐week taper
Proportion of participants with sustained remission (as defined by study investigators) at ≥ 12 months · adults aged over 50 years with giant cell arteritis
Tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis (2022) · Cochrane
RR 4 [1.97, 8.12]1 study · 150 participantsModerate
Tocilizumab weekly vs placebo + 26‐week taper
Proportion of participants with relapse‐free survival at ≥ 12 months · adults aged over 50 years with giant cell arteritis
Tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis (2022) · Cochrane
RR 2.41 [1.58, 3.65]1 study · 150 participantsModerate
Tocilizumab weekly vs placebo + 26‐week taper
Proportion of all‐cause mortality at ≥ 12 months · adults aged over 50 years with giant cell arteritis
Tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Tocilizumab weekly vs placebo + 26‐week taper
Mean time to first relapse after induction of remission (weeks) at ≥ 12 months · adults aged over 50 years with giant cell arteritis
Tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Tocilizumab weekly vs placebo + 26‐week taper
Cumulative mean dose of corticosteroids at ≥ 12 months · adults aged over 50 years with giant cell arteritis
Tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Tocilizumab weekly vs placebo + 26‐week taper
Proportion of participants who did not need escape therapy (as defined by study investigators) · adults aged over 50 years with giant cell arteritis
Tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis (2022) · Cochrane
RR 2.96 [1.83, 4.78]1 study · 150 participantsModerate
Tocilizumab weekly vs placebo + 26‐week taper
Mean change in quality of life at ≥ 12 months using the 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey physical component score (SF‐36 PCS) · adults aged over 50 years with giant cell arteritis
Tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis (2022) · Cochrane
MD 3.291 study · 68 participantsModerate
Tocilizumab weekly vs placebo + 26‐week taper
Mean change in quality of life at ≥ 12 months using the 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey mental component score (SF‐36 MCS) · adults aged over 50 years with giant cell arteritis
Tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis (2022) · Cochrane
MD 3.221 study · 68 participantsModerate
Tocilizumab weekly vs placebo + 26‐week taper
Mean change in VAS (higher scores suggest greater disease activity and worse quality of life) at ≥ 12 months · adults aged over 50 years with giant cell arteritis
Tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 71 participantsModerate
Tocilizumab every 4 weeks vs placebo
Proportion of all‐cause mortality at ≥ 12 months · adults aged over 50 years with giant cell arteritis
Tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis (2022) · Cochrane
RR 0.17 [0.01, 3.94]1 study · 30 participantsModerate