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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
448 questions in 37 reviews · Multiple Sclerosis and Rare Diseases of the CNS
current versionsNo studies 50 · 11.2%Ungraded 14 · 3.1%Very low 132 · 29.5%Low 160 · 35.7%Moderate 76 · 17%High 16 · 3.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Teriflunomide vs placebo The proportion of participants with disability progression at 2 years · people with relapsing multiple sclerosis Teriflunomide for multiple sclerosis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.56, 0.96] | 1 study · 722 participants | Very low |
Teriflunomide vs placebo The proportion of participants with diarrhoea at 2 years · people with relapsing multiple sclerosis Teriflunomide for multiple sclerosis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.01 [1.35, 3] | 1 study · 718 participants | Moderate |
Teriflunomide vs placebo The proportion of participants with hair thinning at 2 years · people with relapsing multiple sclerosis Teriflunomide for multiple sclerosis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 3.94 [2.13, 7.3] | 1 study · 718 participants | Moderate |
Teriflunomide vs placebo The proportion of participants with elevated ALT levels at 2 years · people with relapsing multiple sclerosis Teriflunomide for multiple sclerosis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.14 [1.35, 3.39] | 1 study · 718 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Fatigue · people with multiple sclerosis Exercise therapy for fatigue in multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 36 studies · 1603 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Mixed training · people with multiple sclerosis Exercise therapy for fatigue in multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 495 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR 'Other' training · people with multiple sclerosis Exercise therapy for fatigue in multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 295 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Exercise versus no‐exercise control · people with multiple sclerosis Exercise therapy for fatigue in multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 27 studies · 1325 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Exercise versus exercise · people with multiple sclerosis Exercise therapy for fatigue in multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 278 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Modified Fatigue Impact Scale · people with multiple sclerosis Exercise therapy for fatigue in multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 688 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Fatigue Severity Scale · people with multiple sclerosis Exercise therapy for fatigue in multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 449 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Other · people with multiple sclerosis Exercise therapy for fatigue in multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 167 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Endurance training · people with multiple sclerosis Exercise therapy for fatigue in multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 266 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Muscle power training · people with multiple sclerosis Exercise therapy for fatigue in multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 207 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Task‐oriented training · people with multiple sclerosis Exercise therapy for fatigue in multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 36 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Change in disability directly post‐intervention Measures: GLTEQ, DGI, BBS, ARAT, NHPT, 25FWT, CES, VPR · People with multiple sclerosis Telerehabilitation for persons with multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 232 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Change in other outcomes · People with multiple sclerosis Telerehabilitation for persons with multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Cost effectiveness · People with multiple sclerosis Telerehabilitation for persons with multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 531 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Process evaluation (user satisfaction) Measures: Self‐designed Likert scale, VAS scale · People with multiple sclerosis Telerehabilitation for persons with multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 80 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Serious adverse events · People with multiple sclerosis Telerehabilitation for persons with multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 531 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Caregivers‐related outcomes · People with multiple sclerosis Telerehabilitation for persons with multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 531 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Change in short‐term disability 3 months or less after the start of the intervention Measures: GLTEQ · People with multiple sclerosis Telerehabilitation for persons with multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 45 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Change in long‐term disability more than 3 months after the intervention Measure:6MWT · People with multiple sclerosis Telerehabilitation for persons with multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 82 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Change in impairments directly post‐intervention Measures: FIS, FSS, MFIS, MS Symptom Cheklist · People with multiple sclerosis Telerehabilitation for persons with multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 265 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Change in short‐term impairments 3 months or less after the start of the intervention Measures: FIS · People with multiple sclerosis Telerehabilitation for persons with multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 190 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Change in long‐term impairments more than 3 months after the intervention Measures: FIS, FSS · People with multiple sclerosis Telerehabilitation for persons with multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 299 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Change in participation · People with multiple sclerosis Telerehabilitation for persons with multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Change in psychological outcomes Measures:CES‐D, HADS, SDMT · People with multiple sclerosis Telerehabilitation for persons with multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 139 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Change in quality of life Measures: QWB, HAQUAMS, MSIS‐29, SF‐36, LMSQOLS, · People with multiple sclerosis Telerehabilitation for persons with multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 392 participants | Low |
Intervention NR The proportion of patients with at least one relapse at two years · Patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Dimethyl fumarate for multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.54, 0.77] | 2 studies · 1540 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR The proportion of patients with disability worsening at two years · Patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Dimethyl fumarate for multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.53, 0.81] | 2 studies · 1539 participants | Low |
Intervention NR The proportion of patients who discontinued study drug because of adverse events excluding relapses at two years · Patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Dimethyl fumarate for multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.18 [1.56, 3.06] | 2 studies · 1540 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR The proportion of patients with lymphopenia at two years · Patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Dimethyl fumarate for multiple sclerosis (2015) · Cochrane | RR 5.69 [2.4, 13.46] | 2 studies · 1540 participants | Moderate |
Cognitive training vs any control Attention · patients with multiple sclerosis Neuropsychological rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis (2014) · Cochrane | SMD 0.06 | 5 studies · 573 participants | Low |
Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods vs any control Immediate verbal memory · patients with multiple sclerosis Neuropsychological rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis (2014) · Cochrane | SMD 0.31 [0.08, 0.54] | 7 studies · 308 participants | Very low |
Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods vs any control Delayed memory · patients with multiple sclerosis Neuropsychological rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis (2014) · Cochrane | SMD 0.22 [0.02, 0.42] | 4 studies · 400 participants | Moderate |
Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods vs any control Everyday cognitive performance/patient's report · patients with multiple sclerosis Neuropsychological rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis (2014) · Cochrane | SMD 0.1 | 4 studies · 1011 participants | Low |
Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods vs any control Depression · patients with multiple sclerosis Neuropsychological rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis (2014) · Cochrane | MD 0.25 | 4 studies · 187 participants | Low |
Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods vs any control Fatigue · patients with multiple sclerosis Neuropsychological rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis (2014) · Cochrane | SMD 0.08 | 3 studies · 159 participants | Very low |
Cognitive training vs any control Information processing speed · patients with multiple sclerosis Neuropsychological rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis (2014) · Cochrane | SMD 0.15 | 4 studies · 176 participants | Very low |
Cognitive training vs any control Memory span · patients with multiple sclerosis Neuropsychological rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis (2014) · Cochrane | SMD 0.54 [0.2, 0.88] | 2 studies · 150 participants | Low |
Cognitive training vs any control Working memory · patients with multiple sclerosis Neuropsychological rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis (2014) · Cochrane | SMD 0.33 [0.09, 0.57] | 3 studies · 288 participants | Very low |
Cognitive training vs any control Immediate verbal memory · patients with multiple sclerosis Neuropsychological rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis (2014) · Cochrane | SMD 0.2 | 4 studies · 360 participants | Low |
Cognitive training vs any control Executive functions · patients with multiple sclerosis Neuropsychological rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis (2014) · Cochrane | SMD 0.35 | 2 studies · 112 participants | Very low |
Cognitive training vs any control Depression · patients with multiple sclerosis Neuropsychological rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis (2014) · Cochrane | SMD 0.26 | 5 studies · 196 participants | Very low |
Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods vs any control Attention · patients with multiple sclerosis Neuropsychological rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis (2014) · Cochrane | SMD 0.15 [0.01, 0.28] | 5 studies · 894 participants | Moderate |
Cognitive training combined with other neuropsychological rehabilitation methods vs any control Information processing speed · patients with multiple sclerosis Neuropsychological rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis (2014) · Cochrane | SMD 0.05 | 3 studies · 181 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR The mean change of total recall on the SRT from baseline Scale from: 0 to 72 · Patients with memory disorder in multiple sclerosis Pharmacological treatment for memory disorder in multiple sclerosis (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 189 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR The mean change of total correct score on the 10/36 SRT from baseline Scale from: 0 to 40 · Patients with memory disorder in multiple sclerosis Pharmacological treatment for memory disorder in multiple sclerosis (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 189 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR The mean change of total correct score on the SDMT from baseline Scale from: 0 to infinity · Patients with memory disorder in multiple sclerosis Pharmacological treatment for memory disorder in multiple sclerosis (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 189 participants | Moderate |