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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
731 questions in 61 reviews · Drugs and Alcohol
current versionsNo studies 57 · 7.8%Ungraded 39 · 5.3%Very low 186 · 25.4%Low 239 · 32.7%Moderate 171 · 23.4%High 39 · 5.3%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Pharmacological detoxification treatment vs other pharmacological detoxification treatment Withdrawal symptoms at day 3: methadone versus tramadol · management of opium withdrawal Pharmacological therapies for management of opium withdrawal (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 72 participants | Very low |
Pharmacological detoxification treatment vs other pharmacological detoxification treatment Withdrawal symptoms at day 3: methadone versus methadone plus gabapentin · management of opium withdrawal Pharmacological therapies for management of opium withdrawal (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Pharmacological detoxification treatment vs other pharmacological detoxification treatment Completion of treatment: clonidine versus clonidine plus amantadine, inpatient setting · management of opium withdrawal Pharmacological therapies for management of opium withdrawal (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.86, 1.24] | 69 participants | Very low |
Pharmacological detoxification treatment vs other pharmacological detoxification treatment Completion of treatment: clonidine versus buprenorphine, inpatient setting · management of opium withdrawal Pharmacological therapies for management of opium withdrawal (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.9, 1.2] | 35 participants | Very low |
Pharmacological detoxification treatment vs other pharmacological detoxification treatment Completion of treatment: clonidine versus methadone · management of opium withdrawal Pharmacological therapies for management of opium withdrawal (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.01 [1.69, 2.38] | 361 participants | Low |
Pharmacological detoxification treatment vs other pharmacological detoxification treatment Completion of treatment: methadone versus tramadol · management of opium withdrawal Pharmacological therapies for management of opium withdrawal (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.65, 1.37] | 72 participants | Very low |
Pharmacological detoxification treatment vs other pharmacological detoxification treatment Completion of treatment: methadone versus methadone plus gabapentin · management of opium withdrawal Pharmacological therapies for management of opium withdrawal (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.96, 1.43] | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Pharmacological detoxification treatment vs other pharmacological detoxification treatment Completion of treatment: tincture of opium versus methadone · management of opium withdrawal Pharmacological therapies for management of opium withdrawal (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.95, 1.05] | 1 study · 74 participants | Low |
Pharmacological detoxification treatment vs other pharmacological detoxification treatment Withdrawal symptoms at day 3: clonidine versus clonidine plus amantadine, inpatient setting · management of opium withdrawal Pharmacological therapies for management of opium withdrawal (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 60 participants | Very low |
Pharmacological detoxification treatment vs other pharmacological detoxification treatment Withdrawal symptoms at day 3: clonidine versus buprenorphine,inpatient setting · management of opium withdrawal Pharmacological therapies for management of opium withdrawal (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 34 participants | Very low |
Antidepressants vs placebo: all studies Depression severity: final score (interviewer‐rated scales) · people with co‐occurring depression and alcohol dependence Antidepressants for the treatment of people with co‐occurring depression and alcohol dependence (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 1074 participants | Low |
Antidepressants vs placebo: all studies Response to antidepressive treatment · people with co‐occurring depression and alcohol dependence Antidepressants for the treatment of people with co‐occurring depression and alcohol dependence (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.4 [1.08, 1.82] | 10 studies · 805 participants | Very low |
Antidepressants vs placebo: all studies Consumption of alcohol: abstinent days (%) · people with co‐occurring depression and alcohol dependence Antidepressants for the treatment of people with co‐occurring depression and alcohol dependence (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 821 participants | Low |
Antidepressants vs placebo: all studies Consumption of alcohol: abstinent participants (number) · people with co‐occurring depression and alcohol dependence Antidepressants for the treatment of people with co‐occurring depression and alcohol dependence (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.71 [1.22, 2.39] | 7 studies · 424 participants | Moderate |
Antidepressants vs placebo: all studies Consumption of alcohol: drinks (per drinking days) · people with co‐occurring depression and alcohol dependence Antidepressants for the treatment of people with co‐occurring depression and alcohol dependence (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 451 participants | Moderate |
Antidepressants vs placebo: all studies Acceptability: dropouts · people with co‐occurring depression and alcohol dependence Antidepressants for the treatment of people with co‐occurring depression and alcohol dependence (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.79, 1.22] | 17 studies · 1159 participants | Low |
Antidepressants vs placebo: all studies Tolerability of treatment: withdrawal for medical reasons · people with co‐occurring depression and alcohol dependence Antidepressants for the treatment of people with co‐occurring depression and alcohol dependence (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.65, 2.04] | 10 studies · 947 participants | Low |
Cognitive‐behavioural coping skills training (CBCST) vs twelve‐step facilitation (TSF) programme to reduce alcohol consumption Maximum number of weeks of consecutive alcohol abstinence during treatment · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 41 participants | Very low |
Brief intervention (BI) vs treatment Decreased alcohol use · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.62, 1.92] | 1 study · 110 participants | Low |
Brief intervention (BI) vs treatment Retention · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.78, 1.13] | 3 studies · 190 participants | Low |
Motivational interviewing (MI) vs treatment Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) or Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) scores · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 141 participants | Low |
Motivational interviewing (MI) vs treatment Number of standard drinks consumed per day over the last 30 days · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 225 participants | Low |
Motivational interviewing (MI) vs treatment Greater than 50% reduction in number of standard drinks consumed per day over the last 30 days · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.77, 1.31] | 1 study · 256 participants | Low |
Motivational interviewing (MI) vs treatment Abstinence from alcohol over the last 30 days · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.57, 1.5] | 1 study · 256 participants | Low |
Motivational interviewing (MI) vs treatment Retention ‐ end of treatment · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.87, 1.06] | 1 study · 256 participants | Low |
Motivational interviewing (MI) vs treatment Retention · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.6, 1.43] | 2 studies · 160 participants | Low |
Brief motivational interviewing (BMI) vs assessment‐only to reduce alcohol consumption Number of days with alcohol use · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 187 participants | Moderate |
Brief motivational interviewing (BMI) vs assessment‐only to reduce alcohol consumption 25% reduction of drinking days in the past 30 days · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [0.96, 1.57] | 1 study · 187 participants | Moderate |
Cognitive‐behavioural coping skills training (CBCST) vs twelve‐step facilitation (TSF) programme to reduce alcohol consumption Number of participants achieving 3 or more weeks of consecutive alcohol abstinence during treatment · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.96 [0.43, 8.94] | 1 study · 41 participants | Very low |
Brief motivational interviewing (BMI) vs assessment‐only to reduce alcohol consumption 50% reduction of drinking days in the past 30 days · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.96, 1.68] | 1 study · 187 participants | Moderate |
Brief motivational interviewing (BMI) vs assessment‐only to reduce alcohol consumption or more drinking days' reduction in the past 30 days · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.67 [1.08, 2.6] | 1 study · 187 participants | Moderate |
Brief motivational interviewing (BMI) vs assessment‐only to reduce alcohol consumption Retention ‐ end of treatment · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.94, 1.02] | 1 study · 190 participants | Moderate |
Motivational interviewing intensive (MII) vs motivational interviewing (MI) to reduce alcohol consumption Addiction Severity Index alcohol score · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 163 participants | Low |
Motivational interviewing intensive (MII) vs motivational interviewing (MI) to reduce alcohol consumption Addiction Severity Index alcohol score · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 163 participants | Low |
Motivational interviewing intensive (MII) vs motivational interviewing (MI) to reduce alcohol consumption Addiction Severity Index alcohol score · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 163 participants | Low |
Motivational interviewing intensive (MII) vs motivational interviewing (MI) to reduce alcohol consumption Retention ‐ end of treatment · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 17.63 [1.03, 300.48] | 1 study · 163 participants | Low |
Cognitive‐behavioural coping skills training (CBCST) vs twelve‐step facilitation (TSF) programme to reduce alcohol consumption Alcohol abstinence · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.38 [0.1, 55.06] | 1 study · 41 participants | Very low |
Cognitive‐behavioural coping skills training (CBCST) vs twelve‐step facilitation (TSF) programme to reduce alcohol consumption Retention ‐ end of treatment · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.62, 1.29] | 1 study · 41 participants | Very low |
Brief intervention (BI) vs treatment Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) or Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) scores · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 170 participants | Low |
Brief intervention (BI) vs treatment Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 110 participants | Low |
Brief intervention (BI) vs treatment Number of drinks per week · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 110 participants | Low |
Brief intervention (BI) vs treatment Number of drinks per week · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 110 participants | Low |
Brief intervention (BI) vs treatment Decreased alcohol use · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.67, 1.93] | 1 study · 110 participants | Low |
Any cognitive‐behavioural treatment vs waiting‐list control Drug use · adults with ATS‐use disorders Cognitive‐behavioural treatment for amphetamine‐type stimulants (ATS)‐use disorders (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 210 participants | Low |
Valproate vs placebo or no intervention Benzodiazepine discontinuation, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.55 [1.08, 6.03] | 1 study · 27 participants | Very low |
Lithium vs placebo Benzodiazepine discontinuation, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Lithium vs placebo Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Lithium vs placebo Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Pregabalin vs placebo Benzodiazepine discontinuation, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.44 [0.92, 2.25] | 1 study · 106 participants | Very low |
Pregabalin vs placebo Benzodiazepine discontinuation, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |