What do systematic reviews say?

Culturally and literacy adapted self‐management programme vs no health literacy intervention

• Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 333 participants
  Moderate

Female migrants' benefit of any health literacy intervention vs male migrants' benefit of any health literacy intervention

• Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 77 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Physical activity and education about physical activity for chronic musculoskeletal pain in children and adolescents 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 201 participants
  Very low

Blastocyst‐stage vs cleavage‐stage embryo transfer

Blastocyst‐stage showed no clear difference in multiple pregnancy rate compared with cleavage‐stage embryo transfer (low certainty).

• Cleavage‐stage versus blastocyst‐stage embryo transfer in assisted reproductive technology 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.12 [0.9, 1.38]
  22 studies · 4208 participants
  Low

Any glucocorticoid vs no glucocorticoids or placebo

It is very uncertain whether glucocorticoids changes incidence of multiple pregnancies per couple compared with no glucocorticoids or placebo (very low certainty).

• Peri‐implantation glucocorticoid administration for assisted reproductive technology cycles 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.86 [0.33, 2.2]
  4 studies · 504 participants
  Very low

Letrozole vs laparoscopic ovarian drilling

It is very uncertain whether letrozole changes multiple pregnancy rate compared with laparoscopic ovarian drilling (very low certainty).

• Aromatase inhibitors (letrozole) for ovulation induction in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 3 [0.12, 74.9]
  1 study · 141 participants
  Very low

Letrozole with or without adjuncts vs SERMs with or without adjuncts followed by timed intercourse

Letrozole with or without adjuncts showed no clear difference in multiple pregnancy rate compared with SERMs with or without adjuncts followed by timed intercourse (high certainty).

• Aromatase inhibitors (letrozole) for ovulation induction in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.74 [0.42, 1.32]
  14 studies · 2247 participants
  High

Progesterone vs placebo/no treatment

Progesterone showed no clear difference in multiple pregnancy rate compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).

• Luteal phase support for women trying to conceive by intrauterine insemination or sexual intercourse 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.72 [0.17, 3.15]
  1 study · 214 participants
  Low

Progesterone vs placebo/no treatment

Progesterone showed no clear difference in multiple pregnancy rate compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).

• Luteal phase support for women trying to conceive by intrauterine insemination or sexual intercourse 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.44 [0.24, 8.49]
  1 study · 290 participants
  Low

Progesterone vs placebo/no treatment

Progesterone showed no clear difference in multiple pregnancy compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).

• Luteal phase support for women trying to conceive by intrauterine insemination or sexual intercourse 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.58 [0.1, 3.55]
  2 studies · 586 participants
  Low

300 mg vaginal progesterone vs vaginal progesterone

It is very uncertain whether 300 mg vaginal progesterone changes multiple pregnancy rate compared with 600 mg vaginal progesterone (very low certainty).

• Luteal phase support for women trying to conceive by intrauterine insemination or sexual intercourse 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.5 [0.05, 5.43]
  1 study · 200 participants
  Very low

Intramuscular (IM) progesterone vs vaginal progesterone

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Luteal phase support for women trying to conceive by intrauterine insemination or sexual intercourse 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Oral progesterone vs vaginal progesterone

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Luteal phase support for women trying to conceive by intrauterine insemination or sexual intercourse 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Subcutaneous (Sc) gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist vs placebo/no treatment

It is very uncertain whether subcutaneous (Sc) gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist changes multiple pregnancy rate compared with placebo/no treatment (very low certainty).

• Luteal phase support for women trying to conceive by intrauterine insemination or sexual intercourse 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.28 [0.11, 0.7]
  2 studies · 126 participants
  Very low

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection vs no treatment

It is very uncertain whether human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection changes multiple pregnancy rate compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

• Luteal phase support for women trying to conceive by intrauterine insemination or sexual intercourse 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.03 [0.22, 4.92]
  1 study · 130 participants
  Very low

Progesterone vs no treatment or placebo (route of progesterone administration)

Progesterone showed no clear difference in multiple pregnancy per woman compared with no treatment or placebo (route of progesterone administration) (low certainty).

• Luteal phase support for women trying to conceive by intrauterine insemination or sexual intercourse 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.84 [0.3, 2.34]
  3 studies · 956 participants
  Low

Aerobic exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise

• Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 127 participants
  Very low

Resistance training vs no exercise or placebo exercise

• Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 99 participants
  Very low

Aerobic exercise and strength training vs no exercise or placebo exercise

• Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 214 participants
  Very low

Exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise

• Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  11 studies · 490 participants
  Moderate