Intervention not reported
Episodes of bradycardia, defined as a fall in heart rate of more than 30% below the baseline or less than 100 beats per minute for 10 seconds or longer, occurring during the procedure · Procedural pain in neonates
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
c) Developmental delay more than two SDs below population mean on a standardized test of development: cognitive delay № of participants: 79(1 RCT) · preterm infants
It is very uncertain whether caffeine changes c) Developmental delay more than two SDs below population mean on a… compared with other methylxanthines (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.17 [0.02, 1.37]
Studies not reported
Very low
c) Developmental delay more than two SDs below population mean on a standardized test of development: language delay № of participants: 79(1 RCT) · preterm infants
It is very uncertain whether caffeine changes c) Developmental delay more than two SDs below population mean on a… compared with other methylxanthines (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.76 [0.37, 1.58]
Studies not reported
Very low
c) Developmental delay more than two SDs below population mean on a standardized test of development: motor delay № of participants: 79(1 RCT) · preterm infants
It is very uncertain whether caffeine changes c) Developmental delay more than two SDs below population mean on a… compared with other methylxanthines (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.5 [0.13, 1.96]
Studies not reported
Very low
d) Mental development IQ > 2 SD below the mean · preterm infants
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Episodes of bradycardia · lumbar puncture in newborn infants
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Episodes of bradycardia · lumbar puncture in newborn infants
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low
Major neurological disability at 2 years of age (Defined as any of the following: legal blindness, sensorineural deafness requiring hearing aids, moderate or severe cerebral palsy or developmental delay/intellectual impairment (developmental quoti... · newborn infants with hypoglycaemia
Oral dextrose gel showed no clear difference in major neurological disability at age 2 years or olderb Defined as… compared with control (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
PIPP (maximum score within 3 minutes following lancing) · Neonates
1 finding from 1 review
Low score in any main Bayley domain (< 85) or death
Iodine supplementation showed no clear difference in low score in any main Bayley domain (< 85) or death compared with control (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
PNALD/cholestasis (any definition: low and unclear risk of bias studies) – all fish oil LE vs non‐fish oil LE · Parenterally fed preterm infants
Fish oil lipid emulsion (LE) showed no clear difference in PNALD/cholestasis (any definition: low and unclear risk of bias… compared with non‐fish oil LE (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Death or use of ECMO; studies that did not allow back‐up use of iNO in controls · respiratory failure in infants born at or near term
Inhaled NO leads to lower death or use of ECMO; studies that did not allow back‐up use of iNO… compared with control (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Death at hospital discharge · respiratory failure in infants born at or near term
Inhaled NO showed no clear difference in death before hospital discharge; studies that did not allow back‐up… compared with control (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Use of ECMO before hospital discharge · respiratory failure in infants born at or near term
Inhaled NO leads to lower use of ECMO before hospital discharge; studies that did not allow… compared with control (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
PIPP score during drug infusion Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks' PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks' PMA. Lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996) · neonates requiring intubation and ventilation
The intervention showed no clear difference in PIPP score during drug infusion Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28… (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
PIPP score during drug infusion Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks' PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks' PMA. Lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996) · neonates requiring intubation and ventilation
The intervention showed no clear difference in PIPP score during drug infusion Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28… (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Heart rate following painful procedure · procedural pain in neonates
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
NIPS ‐ Proportion of infants in low or no pain during procedure · procedural pain in neonates
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Duration of cry (seconds) following heel lance · procedural pain in neonates
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Duration of cry (seconds) following IM injection · procedural pain in neonates
1 finding from 1 review