What do systematic reviews say?

Higher dose vitamin K vs lower dose vitamin K

Higher dose vitamin K showed no clear difference in presence of PIVKA II at day 5: 0.2 mg IM versus 0.5 mg IM compared with lower dose vitamin K (low certainty).

• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.36 [0.24, 7.57]
  1 study · 61 participants
  Low

Higher dose vitamin K vs lower dose vitamin K

Higher dose vitamin K showed no clear difference in presence of PIVKA II at day 25: 0.2 mg IM versus 0.5 mg IM compared with lower dose vitamin K (low certainty).

• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.96 [0.06, 14.6]
  1 study · 53 participants
  Low

Higher dose vitamin K vs lower dose vitamin K

Higher dose vitamin K showed no clear difference in necrotizing enterocolitis: 0.2 mg IM versus 0.5 mg IM compared with lower dose vitamin K (low certainty).

• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.08 [0.16, 7.1]
  1 study · 54 participants
  Low

Higher dose vitamin K vs lower dose vitamin K

Higher dose vitamin K showed no clear difference in sepsis: 0.2 mg IM versus 0.5 mg IM compared with lower dose vitamin K (low certainty).

• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.86 [0.26, 2.86]
  1 study · 54 participants
  Low

Higher dose vitamin K vs lower dose vitamin K

Higher dose vitamin K showed no clear difference in mortality (all infants): 0.2 mg IM versus 0.5 mg IM compared with lower dose vitamin K (low certainty).

• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.13 [0.6, 7.51]
  1 study · 65 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  10 studies · 958 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

• Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 800 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention may leads to lower use of 1 or more red blood cell transfusions (low and high doses of… (low certainty).

• Early erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents in preterm or low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.79 [0.74, 0.85]
  19 studies · 1750 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes use of one or more red blood cell transfusions (low and high dose of… (very low certainty).

• Late erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents to prevent red blood cell transfusion in preterm or low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.72 [0.65, 0.79]
  21 studies · 1202 participants
  Very low

Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor therapy vs conventional laser/cryotherapy

Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor therapy may leads to lower refractive error ‐ very high myopia ‐ at 30 months of age (unit of… compared with conventional laser/cryotherapy (low certainty).

• Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.06 [0.02, 0.2]
  1 study · 211 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 93 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

• Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 93 participants
  High

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Lower showed no clear difference in mortality, near term corrected age or discharge compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

• Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.05 [0.68, 1.63]
  10 studies · 914 participants
  Low

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Lower showed no clear difference in neurodevelopmental disability compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

• Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.49, 1.35]
  2 studies · 208 participants
  Low

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Lower showed no clear difference in intubation in the delivery room compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

• Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.98 [0.82, 1.18]
  9 studies · 875 participants
  Low

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Lower showed no clear difference in severe retinopathy of prematurity (≥ stage 3) compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

• Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.57 [0.24, 1.36]
  4 studies · 453 participants
  Low

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Lower showed no clear difference in severe intraventricular haemorrhage (grade 3 or 4) compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

• Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.93 [0.51, 1.71]
  6 studies · 596 participants
  Low

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Lower showed no clear difference in necrotising enterocolitis compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

• Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.98 [0.51, 1.87]
  8 studies · 807 participants
  Low

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

It is very uncertain whether lower changes chronic lung disease (36 weeks' corrected age) compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (very low certainty).

• Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.91 [0.72, 1.14]
  9 studies · 862 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Telemedicine for the support of parents of high‐risk newborn infants 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 56 participants
  Very low