Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

3,092 questions · 3,199 findings · 339 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 714 · 22.3%GRADE not reported 181 · 5.7%Very low 695 · 21.7%Low 908 · 28.4%Moderate 568 · 17.8%High 133 · 4.2%

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) vs control

Number of participants with worsening scores in corporal intestinal metaplasia · people with pre‐malignant lesions

Proton pump inhibitor showed no clear difference in number of participants with worsening scores in corporal intestinal… compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Asthma exacerbation as defined by hospital admission or treatment with a course of oral corticosteroids · participants with asthma

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Asthma exacerbation as defined by hospital admission or treatment with a course of oral corticosteroids · participants with exercise‐induced asthma

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Oral anticoagulants: time in target INR range (%) · patients with leading physiological parameters within therapeutic range
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Time to achieve therapeutic range ‐ oral anticoagulants: time to achieve therapeutic prothrombin ratio (days) · patients with reducing time to achieve therapeutic control
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Time to stabilization ‐ oral anticoagulants: time to stabilization (days) · patients with reducing time to achieve therapeutic control
1 finding from 1 review

MHRV vs placebo

Mean exacerbations requiring a course of oral corticosteroids · asthmatics with sensitivity to house dust mite

MHRV showed no clear difference in exacerbations needing oral steroids compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

160/4.5 mcg BDF single inhaler therapy vs current best practice

Rate of exacerbations requiring systemic corticosteroids · adults with asthma not well controlled on ICS

160/4.5 mcg BDF single inhaler therapy probably leads to lower patients with exacerbations treated with oral steroids compared with current best practice (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single inhaler therapy vs fixed dose ICS

Rate of exacerbations requiring systemic corticosteroids · adults with asthma not well controlled on ICS

Single inhaler therapy leads to lower patients with exacerbations treated with oral steroids compared with fixed dose ICS (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

SiT for maintenance/relief vs higher‐dose ICS/LABA + SABA

Exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids ‐ adults · Studies recruited adults and adolescents aged 12 and older with chronic asthma

SiT for maintenance/relief leads to lower patients with exacerbations requiring oral steroids compared with higher‐dose ICS/LABA + SABA (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐leukotrienes & ICS vs same‐dose ICS

Number of participants experiencing one or more episode requiring treatment with oral steroids · children with asthma

Anti‐leukotrienes & ICS may leads to lower participants with one or more exacerbations requiring oral… compared with same dose ICS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐leukotrienes & ICS vs ICS dose increase

Number of participants experiencing one or more episode requiring treatment with oral steroids · children with asthma

Anti‐leukotrienes & ICS may leads to lower participants with one or more exacerbations requiring oral… compared with higher dose ICS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Exacerbations requiring a course of oral corticosteroids · children and adolescents aged 18 years and under studies with asthma

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Intermittent 'as needed' ICS vs daily ICS

Number of participants experiencing one or more episode requiring treatment with oral steroids · Children and adults with persistent asthma.

Intermittent 'as needed' ICS showed no clear difference in patients with 1 or more exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids… compared with daily ICS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐acting beta2‐agonists vs placebo

Moderate exacerbations (course of antibiotics or oral steroids) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Long‐acting beta2‐agonists probably leads to lower moderate exacerbations (course of antibiotics or oral steroids) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combination fluticasone/salmeterol vs budesonide/formoterol

Number of participants experiencing one or more episode requiring treatment with oral steroids · adults and children with chronic asthma

Combination fluticasone/salmeterol showed no clear difference in participants experiencing exacerbations requiring oral steroid… compared with budesonide/formoterol (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review