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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings table ‐ Re‐feeding vs discarding gastric residuals All‐cause mortality before hospital discharge · preterm infants Re‐feeding versus discarding gastric residuals to improve growth in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.14, 1.85] | 1 study · 72 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Re‐feeding vs discarding gastric residuals Time to establish full enteral feeds (120 mL/kg/d) · preterm infants Re‐feeding versus discarding gastric residuals to improve growth in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 59 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Re‐feeding vs discarding gastric residuals Number of infants with feed interruption episodes lasting ≥ 12 hours · preterm infants Re‐feeding versus discarding gastric residuals to improve growth in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.42, 1.52] | 1 study · 59 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Re‐feeding vs discarding gastric residuals Number of TPN days · preterm infants Re‐feeding versus discarding gastric residuals to improve growth in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 59 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Re‐feeding vs discarding gastric residuals Risk of extrauterine growth restriction at discharge · preterm infants Re‐feeding versus discarding gastric residuals to improve growth in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [0.38, 4.34] | 1 study · 59 participants | Low |
Surfactant treatment guided by rapid tests for surfactant deficiency vs surfactant therapy provided to preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome diagnosed on clinical and radiologic criteria Neonatal mortality (mortality < 28 days of age) from any cause ‐ not reported · preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Surfactant therapy guided by tests for lung maturity in preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surfactant treatment guided by rapid tests for surfactant deficiency vs surfactant therapy provided to preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome diagnosed on clinical and radiologic criteria Mortality prior to hospital discharge№ of participants: 562 (3 RCTs) · preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Surfactant therapy guided by tests for lung maturity in preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [0.65, 2.41] | NR | Very low |
Surfactant treatment guided by rapid tests for surfactant deficiency vs surfactant therapy provided to preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome diagnosed on clinical and radiologic criteria Bronchopulmonary dysplasia№ of participants: 562(3 RCTs) · preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Surfactant therapy guided by tests for lung maturity in preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.61, 1.32] | NR | Low |
Surfactant treatment guided by rapid tests for surfactant deficiency vs surfactant therapy provided to preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome diagnosed on clinical and radiologic criteria Bronchopulmonary dysplasia or mortality ‐ not reported · preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Surfactant therapy guided by tests for lung maturity in preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surfactant treatment guided by rapid tests for surfactant deficiency vs surfactant therapy provided to preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome diagnosed on clinical and radiologic criteria Surfactant utilization № of participants: 562 (3 RCTs) · preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Surfactant therapy guided by tests for lung maturity in preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.85, 1.11] | NR | Low |
Surfactant treatment guided by rapid tests for surfactant deficiency vs surfactant therapy provided to preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome diagnosed on clinical and radiologic criteria Any pneumothorax№ of participants: 506(2 RCTs) · preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Surfactant therapy guided by tests for lung maturity in preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.15, 1.92] | NR | Low |
Surfactant treatment guided by rapid tests for surfactant deficiency vs surfactant therapy provided to preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome diagnosed on clinical and radiologic criteria Neurodevelopmental outcome at approximately two years' corrected age ‐ not reported · preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Surfactant therapy guided by tests for lung maturity in preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) vs placebo BPD defined as an oxygen requirement at 28 days№ of participants: 302(1 RCT) · preterm infants at risk of developing BPD Superoxide dismutase for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.94, 1.26] | NR | Very low |
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) vs placebo BPD defined as oxygen at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age№ of participants: 335(2 RCTs) · preterm infants at risk of developing BPD Superoxide dismutase for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.72, 1.29] | NR | Very low |
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) vs placebo Neonatal mortality (i.e. within 28 days)№ of participants: 335(2 RCTs) · preterm infants at risk of developing BPD Superoxide dismutase for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.57, 1.68] | NR | Very low |
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) vs placebo Mortality prior to discharge№ of participants: 78(2 RCTs) · preterm infants at risk of developing BPD Superoxide dismutase for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [0.53, 2.71] | NR | Very low |
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) vs placebo BPD or death at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age№ of participants: 0 (0 RCTs) · preterm infants at risk of developing BPD Superoxide dismutase for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) vs placebo Need for supplemental oxygen (days)№ of participants: 0 (0 RCTs) · preterm infants at risk of developing BPD Superoxide dismutase for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) vs placebo Retinopathy of prematurity№ of participants: 277(2 RCTs) · preterm infants at risk of developing BPD Superoxide dismutase for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.78, 1.15] | NR | Very low |
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) vs placebo Severe retinopathy of prematurity (stage II or greater)№ of participants: 244(1 RCT) · preterm infants at risk of developing BPD Superoxide dismutase for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.57, 1.65] | NR | Very low |
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) vs placebo Moderate to severe neurodevelopmental outcome at 18 to 24 months№ of participants: 0 (0 RCTs) · preterm infants at risk of developing BPD Superoxide dismutase for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Automated oxygen delivery vs routine manual oxygen delivery Time in desired SpO2 rangeScale: 0% to 100% of time · preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction Automated oxygen delivery for preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 284 participants | Moderate |
CLACfast vs CLACslow All‐cause in‐hospital mortality by 36 weeks' postmenstrual ageUnit: number of infants with event · preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction Automated oxygen delivery for preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CLACfast vs CLACslow Severe ROPUnit: number of infants with event · preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction Automated oxygen delivery for preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CLACfast vs CLACslow Neurodevelopmental outcomes at approximately 2 years' corrected age · preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction Automated oxygen delivery for preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Automated oxygen delivery vs routine manual oxygen delivery All‐cause in‐hospital mortality by 36 weeks' postmenstrual ageUnit: number of infants with event · preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction Automated oxygen delivery for preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Automated oxygen delivery vs routine manual oxygen delivery Severe ROPUnit: number of infants with event · preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction Automated oxygen delivery for preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.24 [0.03, 1.94] | 1 study · 39 participants | Low |
Automated oxygen delivery vs routine manual oxygen delivery Neurodevelopmental outcomes at approximately 2 years' corrected age · preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction Automated oxygen delivery for preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Automated oxygen delivery vs enhanced manual oxygen delivery Time in desired SpO2 rangeScale: 0% to 100% of time · preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction Automated oxygen delivery for preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 19 participants | Low |
Automated oxygen delivery vs enhanced manual oxygen delivery All‐cause in‐hospital mortality by 36 weeks' postmenstrual ageUnit: number of infants with event · preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction Automated oxygen delivery for preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Automated oxygen delivery vs enhanced manual oxygen delivery Severe ROPUnit: number of infants with event · preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction Automated oxygen delivery for preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Automated oxygen delivery vs enhanced manual oxygen delivery Neurodevelopmental outcomes at approximately 2 years' corrected age · preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction Automated oxygen delivery for preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CLACfast vs CLACslow Time in desired SpO2 rangeScale: 0% to 100% of time · preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction Automated oxygen delivery for preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 19 participants | Low |
Two per cent CHG vs alcohol hand sanitiser (61% alcohol and emollients) Incidence of (author‐defined) suspected infections within the first 28 days of life · Neonates and caregivers Hand hygiene for the prevention of infections in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Four per cent chlorhexidine + hand hygiene promotion vs usual care Adverse events requiring hospitalisation (SAE) · Neonates and caregivers Hand hygiene for the prevention of infections in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.83 [0.75, 4.42] | 1 study · 246 participants | Very low |
Two per cent CHG vs alcohol hand sanitiser (61% alcohol and emollients) Incidence of bacteriologically confirmed infections (types of infection as specified by authors) within the first 28 days of life · Neonates and caregivers Hand hygiene for the prevention of infections in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.66, 0.93] | 1 study · 2932 participants | Moderate |
Two per cent CHG vs alcohol hand sanitiser (61% alcohol and emollients) All‐cause mortality within the first seven days of life (early neonatal death) · Neonates and caregivers Hand hygiene for the prevention of infections in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Two per cent CHG vs alcohol hand sanitiser (61% alcohol and emollients) All‐cause mortality from the 8th to 28th day of life (late neonatal death) · Neonates and caregivers Hand hygiene for the prevention of infections in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Alcohol‐based handrub vs usual care Incidence of suspected infections (author‐defined) within the first 28 days of life · Neonates and caregivers Hand hygiene for the prevention of infections in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.69, 1.39] | 1 study · 103 participants | Very low |
Alcohol‐based handrub vs usual care Incidence of bacteriologically confirmed infections within the first 28 days of life · Neonates and caregivers Hand hygiene for the prevention of infections in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Alcohol‐based handrub vs usual care All‐cause mortality within the first seven days of life (early neonatal death) · Neonates and caregivers Hand hygiene for the prevention of infections in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.29 [0.01, 7] | 1 study · 103 participants | Very low |
Alcohol‐based handrub vs usual care All‐cause mortality from the 8th to 28th day of life (late neonatal death) · Neonates and caregivers Hand hygiene for the prevention of infections in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.29 [0.01, 7] | 1 study · 103 participants | Very low |
Four per cent chlorhexidine + hand hygiene promotion vs usual care Authors reported adverse outcomes (events without hospitalisation) · Neonates and caregivers Hand hygiene for the prevention of infections in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.28, 1.15] | 1 study · 246 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR OXYGEN SATURATION DURING intervention (higher = favourable) · preterm infants and their parents Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 958 participants | High |
Intervention NR HEART RATE POST‐intervention (lower = favourable) · preterm infants and their parents Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 903 participants | High |
Intervention NR PARENTAL WELL‐BEING: EPDS · preterm infants and their parents Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 67 participants | Low |
Intervention NR PARENTAL ANXIETY: STAI‐SKD · preterm infants and their parents Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 87 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR OXYGEN SATURATION POST‐intervention (higher = favourable) · preterm infants and their parents Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 800 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR INFANT DEVELOPMENT: Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development‐III (BSID‐III) · preterm infants and their parents Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 69 participants | Low |
Intervention NR INFANT DEVELOPMENT: Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development‐III (BSID III) · preterm infants and their parents Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 69 participants | Low |