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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
806 questions in 76 reviews · ENT
current versionsNo studies 293 · 36.4%Ungraded 6 · 0.7%Very low 244 · 30.3%Low 170 · 21.1%Moderate 85 · 10.5%High 8 · 1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Anti‐IL‐5 mAb (mepolizumab) vs placebo (on top of topical steroids) Extent of disease ‐ endoscopic score · patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps Biologics for chronic rhinosinusitis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 137 participants | Very low |
Anti‐IL‐5 mAb (mepolizumab) vs placebo (on top of topical steroids) Extent of disease ‐ CT scan score (Lund‐Mackay, range 0 to 24, lower = better) · patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps Biologics for chronic rhinosinusitis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 27 participants | Very low |
Anti‐IL‐5 mAb (mepolizumab) vs placebo (on top of topical steroids) Health‐related quality of life ‐ generic, measured using the EQ‐5D visual analogue scale (range 0 to 100; 0 = worst imaginable health state, 100 = best imaginable health state) · patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps Biologics for chronic rhinosinusitis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 105 participants | Low |
Anti‐IL‐5 mAb (mepolizumab) vs placebo (on top of topical steroids) Adverse events ‐ nasopharyngitis, including sore throat · patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps Biologics for chronic rhinosinusitis (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.36, 1.47] | 2 studies · 135 participants | Low |
Anti‐IgE mAb (omalizumab) vs placebo (on top of topical steroids) Health‐related quality of life ‐ disease‐specific (SNOT‐22, range 0 to 110, lower = better) · patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps Biologics for chronic rhinosinusitis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 265 participants | Moderate |
Anti‐IgE mAb (omalizumab) vs placebo (on top of topical steroids) Disease severity, as measured by validated, patient‐reported symptom score · patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps Biologics for chronic rhinosinusitis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Anti‐IgE mAb (omalizumab) vs placebo (on top of topical steroids) Serious adverse events · patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps Biologics for chronic rhinosinusitis (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.05, 2] | 5 studies · 329 participants | Very low |
Anti‐IL‐4Rα mAb (dupilumab) vs placebo (on top of topical steroids) Disease severity ‐ VAS (range 0 to 10, lower = better) · patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps Biologics for chronic rhinosinusitis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 784 participants | Moderate |
Anti‐IgE mAb (omalizumab) vs placebo (on top of topical steroids) Avoidance of surgery Nasal polyp score ≤4 (≤ 2 on each side) and an improvement in SNOT‐22 score of ≥ 8.9 points · patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps Biologics for chronic rhinosinusitis (2021) · Cochrane | RR 5.6 [1.99, 15.76] | 2 studies · 265 participants | Low |
Anti‐IgE mAb (omalizumab) vs placebo (on top of topical steroids) Extent of disease: endoscopic nasal polyp score (range 0 to 8, lower = better) · patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps Biologics for chronic rhinosinusitis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 312 participants | Low |
Anti‐IgE mAb (omalizumab) vs placebo (on top of topical steroids) Extent of disease: CT scan (lower score = better) · patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps Biologics for chronic rhinosinusitis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 47 participants | Very low |
Anti‐IgE mAb (omalizumab) vs placebo (on top of topical steroids) Health‐related quality of life ‐ generic (SF‐36) · patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps Biologics for chronic rhinosinusitis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 38 participants | Very low |
Anti‐IgE mAb (omalizumab) vs placebo (on top of topical steroids) Adverse events ‐ nasopharyngitis, including sore throat · patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps Biologics for chronic rhinosinusitis (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.29, 1.73] | 5 studies · 329 participants | Low |
Anti‐IL‐4Rα mAb (dupilumab) vs placebo (on top of topical steroids) Serious adverse events · patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps Biologics for chronic rhinosinusitis (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.29, 0.76] | 3 studies · 782 participants | Low |
Anti‐IL‐4Rα mAb (dupilumab) vs placebo (on top of topical steroids) Avoidance of surgery ‐ number of patients who had surgery as rescue treatment · patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps Biologics for chronic rhinosinusitis (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.17 [0.05, 0.52] | 2 studies · 725 participants | Moderate |
Anti‐IL‐4Rα mAb (dupilumab) vs placebo (on top of topical steroids) Extent of disease: endoscopic nasal polyp score (range 0 to 8, lower = better) · patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps Biologics for chronic rhinosinusitis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 784 participants | Moderate |
Anti‐IL‐4Rα mAb (dupilumab) vs placebo (on top of topical steroids) Extent of disease: CT scan score (Lund‐Mackay, range 0 to 24, lower = better) · patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps Biologics for chronic rhinosinusitis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 784 participants | High |
Anti‐IL‐4Rα mAb (dupilumab) vs placebo (on top of topical steroids) Health‐related quality of life ‐ generic (EQ‐5D visual analogue scale, range 0 to 100, higher = better) · patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps Biologics for chronic rhinosinusitis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 766 participants | Moderate |
Anti‐IL‐4Rα mAb (dupilumab) vs placebo (on top of topical steroids) Adverse events ‐ nasopharyngitis, including sore throat (longest available data) · patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps Biologics for chronic rhinosinusitis (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.72, 1.25] | 3 studies · 783 participants | Low |
Anti‐IL‐5 mAb (mepolizumab) vs placebo (on top of topical steroids) Health‐related quality of life ‐ disease‐specific (SNOT‐22, range 1 to 100, lower = better) · patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps Biologics for chronic rhinosinusitis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 105 participants | Low |
Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to the patient or HCW before and/or after an AGP vs No treatment or saline or water Other adverse events: changes in microbiome in oral cavity, nasal cavity, oro- or nasopharynx · Patients without suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs), and the… Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays to protect healthcare workers when undertaking… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | NR | No studies |
Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to the patient or HCW before and/or after an AGP vs No treatment or saline or water Other adverse events: allergy, irritation/burning of nasal, oral or oropharyngeal mucosa (e.g. erosions, ulcers, bleeding), long-term staining of mucous membranes or teeth, accidental ingestion · Patients without suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs), and the… Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays to protect healthcare workers when undertaking… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | NR | No studies |
Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to healthcare workers, with or without the same intervention given to the patients with COVID-19 vs No treatment or saline or water Anosmia (or disturbance in sense of smell) · Healthcare workers (HCWs) treating patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection · Minimum 2 weeks Use of antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays by healthcare workers to protect them when… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | 0 studies | No studies |
Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to healthcare workers, with or without the same intervention given to the patients with COVID-19 vs No treatment or saline or water Viral content of aerosol · Healthcare workers (HCWs) treating patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection Use of antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays by healthcare workers to protect them when… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | 0 studies | No studies |
Antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), any concentration, frequency or dosage vs No treatment, saline, or water COVID-19 viral content of aerosol (when present) · Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays administered to patients with suspected or confirmed… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | 0 studies | No studies |
Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to the patient or HCW before and/or after an AGP vs No treatment or saline or water Change in COVID-19 viral load at site(s) of irrigation · Patients without suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs), and the… Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays to protect healthcare workers when undertaking… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | NR | No studies |
Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to the patient or HCW before and/or after an AGP vs No treatment or saline or water Anosmia (or disturbance in sense of smell) · Patients without suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs), and the… · Assessed at a minimum of 2 weeks Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays to protect healthcare workers when undertaking… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | NR | No studies |
Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to the patient or HCW before and/or after an AGP vs No treatment or saline or water Incidence of symptomatic or test-positive COVID-19 infection in HCWs or patients · Patients without suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs), and the… · Assessed at a minimum of 2 weeks Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays to protect healthcare workers when undertaking… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | NR | No studies |
Antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), any concentration, frequency or dosage vs No treatment, saline, or water Other adverse events (allergy, irritation/burning of nasal, oral or oropharyngeal mucosa, long-term staining of mucous membranes or teeth, accidental ingestion) · Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays administered to patients with suspected or confirmed… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | 0 studies | No studies |
Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to healthcare workers, with or without the same intervention given to the patients with COVID-19 vs No treatment or saline or water Changes in microbiome in oral cavity, nasal cavity, oro- or nasopharynx · Healthcare workers (HCWs) treating patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection Use of antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays by healthcare workers to protect them when… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | 0 studies | No studies |
Antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), any concentration, frequency or dosage vs No treatment, saline, or water Incidence of symptomatic or test-positive COVID-19 infection in healthcare workers · Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection · Minimum 2 weeks Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays administered to patients with suspected or confirmed… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | 0 studies | No studies |
Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to healthcare workers, with or without the same intervention given to the patients with COVID-19 vs No treatment or saline or water Incidence of symptomatic or test-positive COVID-19 infection in HCWs · Healthcare workers (HCWs) treating patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection · Minimum 2 weeks Use of antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays by healthcare workers to protect them when… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | 0 studies | No studies |
Antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), any concentration, frequency or dosage vs No treatment, saline, or water Anosmia (or disturbance in sense of smell) · Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection · Minimum 2 weeks Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays administered to patients with suspected or confirmed… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | 0 studies | No studies |
Tonsillectomy vs tonsillotomy Clinical effectiveness expressed as disease‐specific quality of life (Measured using a validated instrument) · children aged 2 years up to the age of 16 years with obstructive sleep‐disordered breathing Tonsillectomy versus tonsillotomy for obstructive sleep‐disordered breathing in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 410 participants | Very low |
Tonsillectomy vs tonsillotomy Peri‐operative blood loss (Volume measured in mL) · children aged 2 years up to the age of 16 years with obstructive sleep‐disordered breathing Tonsillectomy versus tonsillotomy for obstructive sleep‐disordered breathing in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 610 participants | Very low |
Tonsillectomy vs tonsillotomy Postoperative complications requiring medical intervention (with or without hospitalisation) · children aged 2 years up to the age of 16 years with obstructive sleep‐disordered breathing Tonsillectomy versus tonsillotomy for obstructive sleep‐disordered breathing in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.75 [1.06, 2.91] | 16 studies · 1416 participants | Moderate |
Tonsillectomy vs tonsillotomy Severity of postoperative pain (Rated by parents using a 10‐point visual analogue scale) · children aged 2 years up to the age of 16 years with obstructive sleep‐disordered breathing Tonsillectomy versus tonsillotomy for obstructive sleep‐disordered breathing in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 368 participants | Very low |
Tonsillectomy vs tonsillotomy Return to normal activity · children aged 2 years up to the age of 16 years with obstructive sleep‐disordered breathing Tonsillectomy versus tonsillotomy for obstructive sleep‐disordered breathing in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 284 participants | Moderate |
Tonsillectomy vs tonsillotomy Recurrence of oSDB as a result of tonsil regrowth · children aged 2 years up to the age of 16 years with obstructive sleep‐disordered breathing Tonsillectomy versus tonsillotomy for obstructive sleep‐disordered breathing in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.26 [0.03, 2.22] | 3 studies · 186 participants | Very low |
Tonsillectomy vs tonsillotomy Reoperation rates · children aged 2 years up to the age of 16 years with obstructive sleep‐disordered breathing Tonsillectomy versus tonsillotomy for obstructive sleep‐disordered breathing in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.08, 1.28] | 2 studies · 166 participants | Very low |
CBT vs no intervention/waiting list control Outcomes at end of treatment · adults with tinnitus Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CBT vs audiological care (tinnitus education and rehabilitation Impact of tinnitus on quality of life · adults with tinnitus Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 430 participants | Moderate |
CBT vs audiological care (tinnitus education and rehabilitation Serious adverse effects · adults with tinnitus Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 410 participants | Moderate |
CBT vs audiological care (tinnitus education and rehabilitation Depression at end of treatment · adults with tinnitus Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 410 participants | Low |
CBT vs audiological care (tinnitus education and rehabilitation Anxiety at end of treatment · adults with tinnitus Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 410 participants | Low |
CBT vs audiological care (tinnitus education and rehabilitation Health‐related quality of life · adults with tinnitus Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 410 participants | Low |
CBT vs audiological care (tinnitus education and rehabilitation Negatively biased interpretations of tinnitus · adults with tinnitus Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 336 participants | Low |
CBT vs audiological care (tinnitus education and rehabilitation Other adverse effects · adults with tinnitus Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 410 participants | Moderate |
CBT vs TRT (directive counselling and bilateral masking) Outcomes at end of treatment · adults with tinnitus Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CBT vs TRT (directive counselling and bilateral masking) Impact of tinnitus on quality of life · adults with tinnitus Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 42 participants | Low |