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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Population

Intervention or exposure

Comparison

Outcome

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Review versions

806 questions in 76 reviews · ENT

current versions

No studies 293 · 36.4%Ungraded 6 · 0.7%Very low 244 · 30.3%Low 170 · 21.1%Moderate 85 · 10.5%High 8 · 1%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Tranexamic acid vs placebo (saline solution or sterile water) Surgical field bleeding score (during surgery or < 30 minutes after surgery) · adults and children with chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps Tranexamic acid for the reduction of bleeding during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	13 studies · 772 participants	Moderate
Tranexamic acid vs placebo (saline solution or sterile water) Intraoperative blood loss Assessed as: total amount of blood loss during surgery in mL · adults and children with chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps Tranexamic acid for the reduction of bleeding during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	12 studies · 802 participants	Low
Tranexamic acid vs placebo (saline solution or sterile water) Significant adverse events (seizures, thromboembolism) within 24 hours of surgery) · adults and children with chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps Tranexamic acid for the reduction of bleeding during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (2023) · Cochrane	RD 0	8 studies · 664 participants	Moderate
Tranexamic acid vs placebo (saline solution or sterile water) Duration of surgery (minutes) Assessed as: total surgical time · adults and children with chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps Tranexamic acid for the reduction of bleeding during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	10 studies · 666 participants	Moderate
Tranexamic acid vs placebo (saline solution or sterile water) Incomplete surgery · adults and children with chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps Tranexamic acid for the reduction of bleeding during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (2023) · Cochrane	RD 0	2 studies · 58 participants	Moderate
Tranexamic acid vs placebo (saline solution or sterile water) Surgical complications · adults and children with chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps Tranexamic acid for the reduction of bleeding during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (2023) · Cochrane	RD 0	2 studies · 58 participants	Moderate
Tranexamic acid vs placebo (saline solution or sterile water) Postoperative bleeding (place of packing or revision surgery within 14 days of surgery) · adults and children with chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps Tranexamic acid for the reduction of bleeding during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	6 studies · 404 participants	Low
Betahistine vs placebo/no treatment Improvement in vertigo frequency · Ménière’s disease Systemic pharmacological interventions for Ménière’s disease (2023) · Cochrane	RR 1.5 [0.98, 2.29]	1 study · 70 participants	Very low
Betahistine vs placebo/no treatment Improvement in vertigo frequency · Ménière’s disease Systemic pharmacological interventions for Ménière’s disease (2023) · Cochrane	RR 1.11 [0.93, 1.32]	1 study · 62 participants	Very low
Betahistine vs placebo/no treatment Vertigo global score · Ménière’s disease Systemic pharmacological interventions for Ménière’s disease (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 34 participants	Very low
Betahistine vs placebo/no treatment Change in vertigo frequency · Ménière’s disease Systemic pharmacological interventions for Ménière’s disease (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 117 participants	Very low
Betahistine vs placebo/no treatment Change in vertigo frequency · Ménière’s disease Systemic pharmacological interventions for Ménière’s disease (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 214 participants	Very low
Betahistine vs placebo/no treatment Serious adverse events · Ménière’s disease Systemic pharmacological interventions for Ménière’s disease (2023) · Cochrane	RR 1.2 [0.63, 2.29]	1 study · 220 participants	Very low
Diuretic vs placebo/no treatment Improvement in vertigo frequency · Ménière’s disease Systemic pharmacological interventions for Ménière’s disease (2023) · Cochrane	RR 1.69 [1.13, 2.53]	1 study · 70 participants	Very low
Diuretic vs placebo/no treatment Change in vertigo frequency · Ménière’s disease Systemic pharmacological interventions for Ménière’s disease (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 220 participants	Very low
Beta‐blockers vs placebo Improvement in vertigo · people with vestibular migraine Pharmacological interventions for prophylaxis of vestibular migraine (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Beta‐blockers vs placebo Change in vertigo frequency · people with vestibular migraine Pharmacological interventions for prophylaxis of vestibular migraine (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 114 participants	Low
Beta‐blockers vs placebo Serious adverse events · people with vestibular migraine Pharmacological interventions for prophylaxis of vestibular migraine (2023) · Cochrane	RR 0.63 [0.24, 1.67]	1 study · 121 participants	Very low
Calcium channel blockers vs no intervention Improvement in vertigo severity · people with vestibular migraine Pharmacological interventions for prophylaxis of vestibular migraine (2023) · Cochrane	RR 1.45 [1.01, 2.07]	1 study · 48 participants	Very low
Calcium channel blockers vs no intervention Improvement in vertigo frequency · people with vestibular migraine Pharmacological interventions for prophylaxis of vestibular migraine (2023) · Cochrane	RR 1.65 [0.8, 3.41]	1 study · 23 participants	Very low
Calcium channel blockers vs no intervention Change in vertigo frequency · people with vestibular migraine Pharmacological interventions for prophylaxis of vestibular migraine (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 23 participants	Very low
Calcium channel blockers vs no intervention Serious adverse events · people with vestibular migraine Pharmacological interventions for prophylaxis of vestibular migraine (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
SSRIs and SNRIs vs placebo or no treatment Improvement in vertigo at 6 to ≤ 12 months · adults with PPPD Pharmacological interventions for persistent postural‐perceptual dizziness (PPPD) (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
SSRIs and SNRIs vs placebo or no treatment Change in vertigo at 6 to ≤ 12 months · adults with PPPD Pharmacological interventions for persistent postural‐perceptual dizziness (PPPD) (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
SSRIs and SNRIs vs placebo or no treatment Serious adverse events · adults with PPPD Pharmacological interventions for persistent postural‐perceptual dizziness (PPPD) (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Ventilation tubes vs no treatment Hearing ‐ return to normal hearing Randomised by ear: normal defined as < 15 dB Assumed CC = 0.5 · children aged 6 months to 12 years with OME Ventilation tubes (grommets) for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children (2023) · Cochrane	OR 1.13 [0.46, 2.74]	NR	Very low
Ventilation tubes vs non‐surgical treatment Disease‐specific quality of life · children aged 6 months to 12 years with OME Ventilation tubes (grommets) for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Ventilation tubes vs non‐surgical treatment Presence/persistence of OME · children aged 6 months to 12 years with OME Ventilation tubes (grommets) for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Ventilation tubes vs non‐surgical treatment Adverse event: persistent perforation (18 months ‐ long‐term) № of participants: 60 (1 RCT) · children aged 6 months to 12 years with OME Ventilation tubes (grommets) for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Low
Ventilation tubes vs myringotomy Hearing ‐ return to normal *Ventilation tubes versus laser myringotomy (6 to 12 months ‐ medium‐term) Adjusted for non‐independence of within‐individual measurements Assumed ICC of 0.5 № of participants: 132 (2 RCTs) · children aged 6 months to 12 years with OME Ventilation tubes (grommets) for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children (2023) · Cochrane	RR 1.22 [0.59, 2.53]	NR	Very low
Ventilation tubes vs myringotomy Disease‐specific quality of life · children aged 6 months to 12 years with OME Ventilation tubes (grommets) for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Ventilation tubes vs myringotomy Presence/persistence of OME *Ventilation tubes versus laser myringotomy, randomised by ear (6 months ‐ medium‐term) Assumed CC of 0.5 № of participants: 272 (1 RCT) · children aged 6 months to 12 years with OME Ventilation tubes (grommets) for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children (2023) · Cochrane	OR 0.27 [0.19, 0.38]	NR	Very low
Ventilation tubes vs myringotomy Adverse event: persistent perforation Range of · children aged 6 months to 12 years with OME Ventilation tubes (grommets) for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Moderate
Ventilation tubes vs no treatment Disease‐specific quality of life · children aged 6 months to 12 years with OME Ventilation tubes (grommets) for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Ventilation tubes vs no treatment Presence/persistence of OME Randomised by child Adjusted for non‐independence of within‐individual measurements, assumed ICC = 0.5 · children aged 6 months to 12 years with OME Ventilation tubes (grommets) for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children (2023) · Cochrane	RR 0.3 [0.14, 0.65]	NR	Low
Ventilation tubes vs no treatment Adverse event: persistent perforation Randomised by ear, assumed CC = 0.5 · children aged 6 months to 12 years with OME Ventilation tubes (grommets) for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children (2023) · Cochrane	OR 0.85 [0.38, 1.91]	NR	Very low
Early ventilation tubes vs watchful waiting (treatment later if required) Hearing ‐ return to normal hearing Randomised by child · children aged 6 months to 12 years with OME Ventilation tubes (grommets) for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children (2023) · Cochrane	RR 0.98 [0.94, 1.03]	NR	Very low
Early ventilation tubes vs watchful waiting (treatment later if required) Disease‐specific quality of life · children aged 6 months to 12 years with OME Ventilation tubes (grommets) for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Early ventilation tubes vs watchful waiting (treatment later if required) Presence/persistence of OME Randomised by child · children aged 6 months to 12 years with OME Ventilation tubes (grommets) for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children (2023) · Cochrane	RR 1.21 [0.84, 1.74]	NR	Very low
Early ventilation tubes vs watchful waiting (treatment later if required) Adverse event: persistent perforation · children aged 6 months to 12 years with OME Ventilation tubes (grommets) for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low
Ventilation tubes vs non‐surgical treatment Hearing ‐ mean final hearing threshold (4 months ‐ medium‐term) № of participants: 125 (1 RCT) · children aged 6 months to 12 years with OME Ventilation tubes (grommets) for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low
Abundant water intake vs no treatment Improvement in frequency of vertigo · Ménière’s disease Lifestyle and dietary interventions for Ménière’s disease (2023) · Cochrane	RR 1.5 [1.18, 1.91]	1 study · 140 participants	Very low
Abundant water intake vs no treatment Change in vertigo · Ménière’s disease Lifestyle and dietary interventions for Ménière’s disease (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Abundant water intake vs no treatment Serious adverse events · Ménière’s disease Lifestyle and dietary interventions for Ménière’s disease (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Sleeping in darkness vs no treatment Improvement in frequency of vertigo · Ménière’s disease Lifestyle and dietary interventions for Ménière’s disease (2023) · Cochrane	RR 1.47 [1.15, 1.89]	1 study · 130 participants	Very low
Sleeping in darkness vs no treatment Change in vertigo · Ménière’s disease Lifestyle and dietary interventions for Ménière’s disease (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Sleeping in darkness vs no treatment Serious adverse events · Ménière’s disease Lifestyle and dietary interventions for Ménière’s disease (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Specially processed cereals vs placebo Improvement in vertigo · Ménière’s disease Lifestyle and dietary interventions for Ménière’s disease (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Specially processed cereals vs placebo Change in vertigo · Ménière’s disease Lifestyle and dietary interventions for Ménière’s disease (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Specially processed cereals vs placebo Serious adverse events · Ménière’s disease Lifestyle and dietary interventions for Ménière’s disease (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies