Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
1 finding from 1 review
Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
It is very uncertain whether delayed pushing changes 5‐minute Apgar score < 7 compared with immediate pushing (all women with epidural) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Duration of pushing (minutes) · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
1 finding from 1 review
Spontaneous vaginal delivery · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
Delayed pushing probably leads to higher spontaneous vaginal delivery compared with immediate pushing (all women with epidural) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Duration of second stage (minutes) · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
1 finding from 1 review
3rd or 4th degree tears · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
Delayed pushing showed no clear difference in perineal laceration (3rd or 4th degree) compared with immediate pushing (all women with epidural) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Breakthrough pain · term, pregnant women (nulliparous, or combination of nulli‐ and muliparous) requesting for labour epidural analgesia
Automated mandatory bolus probably leads to lower breakthrough pain compared with basal infusion (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Duration of labour analgesia in minutes · term, pregnant women (nulliparous, or combination of nulli‐ and muliparous) requesting for labour epidural analgesia
1 finding from 1 review
Maternal satisfaction following fetal delivery · term, pregnant women (nulliparous, or combination of nulli‐ and muliparous) requesting for labour epidural analgesia
1 finding from 1 review
APGAR score (APGAR score ) · term, pregnant women (nulliparous, or combination of nulli‐ and muliparous) requesting for labour epidural analgesia
1 finding from 1 review
Maternal outcomes · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Low cord pH · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
Upright position probably leads to lower low cord pH compared with recumbent position (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
It is very uncertain whether upright position changes admission to neonatal intensive care unit compared with recumbent position (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Operative birth (caesarean or instrumental vaginal) · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
Upright position leads to higher operative birth (caesarean or instrumental vaginal) compared with recumbent position (sensitivity analyses ‐ studies at low risk of… (high certainty).
2 findings from 1 review
Caesarean section · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
Upright position leads to higher caesarean section compared with recumbent position (sensitivity analyses ‐ studies at low risk of… (high certainty).
2 findings from 1 review
Instrumental vaginal birth · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
Upright position showed no clear difference in instrumental vaginal birth compared with recumbent position (sensitivity analyses ‐ studies at low risk of… (low certainty).
2 findings from 1 review
Duration of second stage (minutes) · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
1 finding from 1 review
Trauma to birth canal requiring suturing · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
Upright position showed no clear difference in trauma to birth canal requiring suturing compared with recumbent position (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Blood loss (greater than 500 mL) (trial authors defined it as PPH requiring blood transfusion) · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
Upright position showed no clear difference in blood loss (greater than 500 mL) (trial authors defined it as PPH… compared with recumbent position (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Infant outcomes · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found