Maternal pain score measured during labour · women in labour
1 finding from 1 review
Satisfaction with pain relief · women in labour
Epidural may leads to higher satisfaction with pain relief ‐ proportion rating excellent or very… compared with opioids (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Instrumental vaginal birth · women in labour
Epidural may leads to higher assisted vaginal birth compared with opioids (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Caesarean section · women in labour
Epidural showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with opioids (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Side effects (maternal) ‐ long‐term backache · women in labour
Epidural showed no clear difference in side effects (maternal) ‐ long‐term backache compared with opioids (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Admission to neonatal or intensive care nursery · women in labour
Epidural showed no clear difference in admission to special care baby unit/neonatal intensive care unit (as… compared with opioids (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · women in labour
Epidural showed no clear difference in apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes compared with opioids (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse effects of epidural anaesthesia ‐ not reported · Patients undergoing thoracotomy
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Caesarean section · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)
Early initiation of epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with late initiation (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Instrumental delivery · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)
Early initiation of epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in instrumental delivery compared with late initiation (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Duration of 1st stage of labour · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)
1 finding from 1 review
Duration of second stage (minutes) · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)
1 finding from 1 review
Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)
Early initiation of epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in apgar score <7 at 5 min compared with late initiation (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Umbilical artery pH · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)
1 finding from 1 review
Umblical vein pH · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)
1 finding from 1 review
Mortality (0 to 30 days) · adult cardiac surgical patients
Epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in mortality (0 to 30 days) compared with systemic analgesia (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Myocardial infarction (0 to 30 days) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass
It is very uncertain whether epidural analgesia changes myocardial infarction (0 to 30 days) compared with peripheral nerve blocks (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Pulmonary complications (0 to 30 days) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter (0 to 2 weeks) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Neurological complications · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found