Intervention not reported
Remineralisation of early enamel caries
1 finding from 1 review
Dental caries in children · Children of mothers assessed for smoking status during pregnancy (early childhood dental caries)
In the USA study, maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with increased odds of childhood dental caries (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.38 to 2.49).
15 findings from 1 review
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomesExposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood · Multiple countries (Japan, England, Australia, Poland, USA, Sweden, Italy, Singapore); population/community-based · Study region: USA
OR 1.85 [1.38, 2.49]
1 study
GRADE not reported
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomesExposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood · Multiple countries (Japan, England, Australia, Poland, USA, Sweden, Italy, Singapore); population/community-based · Dental examination: Clinical and radiographic examinations
OR 2.21 [2.09, 2.34]
1 study
GRADE not reported
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomesExposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood · Multiple countries (Japan, England, Australia, Poland, USA, Sweden, Italy, Singapore); population/community-based · Study region: Europe
OR 1.67 [1.40, 1.99]
4 studies
GRADE not reported
Show 12 more findings
Quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) change · Patients with early caries lesions in permanent teeth (non-fluoridated water area)
Adding CPP-ACP to fluorides did not significantly change QLF outcomes for smooth-surface early caries lesions versus fluorides alone; not GRADE-rated.
1 finding from 1 review
Visual inspection scores · Patients with early caries lesions in permanent teeth (non-fluoridated water area)
Two trials reported visual inspection scores but could not be pooled (different criteria, missing standard deviations) and gave inconsistent findings, so no quantitative conclusion could be drawn.
1 finding from 1 review
Laser fluorescence (LF) change · Patients with early caries lesions in permanent teeth (non-fluoridated water area)
For occlusal early caries lesions, adding CPP-ACP to fluorides produced significantly greater laser-fluorescence improvement than fluorides alone (favors the combination); not GRADE-rated.
2 findings from 1 review
Total lesion area divided by total surface area (visual) · Patients with early caries lesions in permanent teeth (non-fluoridated water area)
Adding CPP-ACP to fluorides did not significantly change the lesion-area outcome for smooth-surface early caries lesions versus fluorides alone; not GRADE-rated.
1 finding from 1 review
Relative abundance of S. mutans in saliva · Individuals assessed for dental caries, predominantly children with early childhood caries (ECC) or severe ECC (age about 1 to 4 years)
A few small studies report Streptococcus mutans relative abundance in caries versus caries-free children without pooling; the evidence is ungraded and not meta-analyzed.
1 finding from 1 review
Relative abundance of Veillonella spp. · Individuals assessed for dental caries, predominantly children with early childhood caries (ECC) or severe ECC (age about 1 to 4 years)
Evidence on whether Veillonella spp. relative abundance is higher or lower in children with dental caries than caries-free controls is inconsistent across 7 small observational studies; no pooled estimate was produced and the evidence is ungraded.
1 finding from 1 review
Enamel remineralization / anti-demineralization extent · Human teeth with early enamel lesions surrounding orthodontic brackets
No meta-analysis was conducted; most included in vitro studies reported significant remineralization with remineralizing orthodontic adhesives versus controls.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
24 studies
GRADE not reported
Ion release · Human teeth with early enamel lesions surrounding orthodontic brackets
No meta-analysis was conducted; most studies reported increased ion release over time, but few reported peak values.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
8 studies
GRADE not reported
Enamel surface microhardness · Demineralised / white-spot-lesion enamel (in vitro specimens)
In demineralised enamel, Er:YAG laser irradiation did not significantly change surface microhardness versus untreated control (SMD 0.66, 95% CI -1.12 to 2.44; 2 in vitro studies; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) · Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries…
Resin infiltration did not differ significantly from CPP-ACFP (SMD -0.52, 95% CI -1.16 to 0.12; indirect evidence only); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE).
1 finding from 1 review
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) · Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries…
P11-4 plus fluoride varnish was significantly better than CPP-ACP (SMD -0.78, 95% CI -1.33 to -0.24; indirect evidence only); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE).
1 finding from 1 review
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) · Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries…
Resin infiltration was significantly better than fluoride varnish (SMD -0.70, 95% CI -1.18 to -0.21); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE).
1 finding from 1 review
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) · Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries…
Resin infiltration and P11-4 plus fluoride varnish did not differ significantly (SMD 0.01, 95% CI -0.62 to 0.65; indirect evidence only); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE).
1 finding from 1 review
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) · Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries…
Resin infiltration did not differ significantly from P11-4 alone (SMD -0.39, 95% CI -0.97 to 0.20); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE).
1 finding from 1 review
Caries arrest · Patients with early enamel carious lesions on permanent molars
SDF plus potassium iodide arrested 54.8% of early enamel lesions at 24 months; no pooled estimate or GRADE rating was reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) · People or specimens with white spot lesions or early caries lesions
The NMA estimated an SMD of -0.78 for P11-4 + fluoride varnish versus CPP-ACP (95% CI -1.33 to -0.28).
1 finding from 1 review
SMD -0.78 [-1.33, -0.24]
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) · Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries…
Self-assembling peptide P11-4 significantly improved remineralization versus control (SMD -0.56, 95% CI -0.96 to -0.15); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE).
1 finding from 1 review
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) · Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries…
P11-4 plus fluoride varnish was significantly better than fluoride varnish alone (SMD -0.71, 95% CI -1.13 to -0.29); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE).
1 finding from 1 review