Dental development / dental age (mineralization chronology) · Children or adolescents
No significant overall difference in dental development between CLWH on ART and healthy controls (three studies, narrative synthesis).
1 finding from 1 review
Recurrent oral ulcerations (WHO clinical stage 2) · Children or adolescents
CLWH on ART had significantly higher prevalence of recurrent oral ulcerations than healthy controls (pooled OR 6.83, 95% CI 1.18 to 39.53).
1 finding from 1 review
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis/periodontitis (WHO clinical stage 3) · Children or adolescents
No eligible studies reported acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis/periodontitis.
1 finding from 1 review
Chronic herpes simplex infection (WHO clinical stage 4) · Children or adolescents
No eligible studies reported chronic herpes simplex infection.
1 finding from 1 review
Persistent parotid enlargement (WHO clinical stage 2) · Children or adolescents
No significant difference in persistent parotid enlargement between groups (OR 10.36, 95% CI 0.53 to 201.45; single study, very imprecise).
1 finding from 1 review
Treatment failure (annual failure rate) · Children with previously unrestored, vital carious lesions in primary teeth (no pulp therapy); aged 1.5-11 years
Compomer had an annual failure rate of 0-14.7% (7 RCTs), comparable to amalgam/RMGIC/composite and better than high-viscosity GIC; low quality of evidence (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Oral hairy leukoplakia (WHO clinical stage 3) · Children or adolescents
No difference in oral hairy leukoplakia between groups (pooled OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.06 to 16.19); lesion essentially absent in both.
1 finding from 1 review
Angular cheilitis (WHO clinical stage 2) · Children or adolescents
No significant difference in angular cheilitis prevalence between CLWH and healthy controls (pooled OR 1.95, 95% CI 0.16 to 23.65).
1 finding from 1 review
Oral candidiasis (WHO clinical stage 3) · Children or adolescents
CLWH on ART had markedly higher prevalence of oral candidiasis than healthy controls (pooled OR 16.94, 95% CI 5.06 to 56.70).
1 finding from 1 review
Linear gingival erythema (WHO clinical stage 2) · Children or adolescents
No difference in linear gingival erythema between groups (pooled OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.06 to 16.19); the lesion was essentially absent in both groups.
1 finding from 1 review
Caries in primary teeth: dmft (3 years) · general population
Fluoridated milk may leads to lower caries in primary teeth: dmft (3 years) compared with non-fluoridated milk (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Dental caries in permanent teeth · general population
Fluoridated milk may leads to lower caries in permanent teeth: DMFT (3 years) compared with non-fluoridated milk (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Early childhood caries (ECC) · Healthy children under 6 years of age (6 months to 6 years); preschool children
After excluding an extreme outlier (Alhabdan 2018), the association between low brushing frequency and ECC remained statistically significant (pooled OR approximately 2.0, p=0.003; I2=87.5%); the exact estimate and its CI were not reported; ungraded.
2 findings from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Treatment failure (time-to-failure, 7 years)
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
1 study
GRADE not reported
Plaque index (PI) / oral hygiene · Children or adolescents
Gamified interventions appear to improve plaque control and oral hygiene status in children versus conventional methods, but the evidence is narrative and ungraded (individual-study P values only).
1 finding from 1 review
Plaque control · Children or adolescents
One RCT reported superior plaque control with a gamified mobile health app versus a conventional method; no effect estimate or GRADE assessment was reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Long-term behavior change and overall oral health outcomes · Children or adolescents
Digital gamified interventions appear more effective than non-digital alternatives for long-term behavior change and oral health outcomes, but the evidence is narrative and ungraded.
1 finding from 1 review
Regular use rate · Children or adolescents
One RCT reported a 72.4% regular-use rate with a gamified mobile health app versus 48.3% with a nongamified intervention; no GRADE assessment was reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Regular use rate 72.4% (gamified mobile app) vs 48.3% (nongamified)
1 study · In one study, the regular use rate was significantly higher (72.4%) in the gamified mobile health app group than in the nongamified intervention group (48.3%). participants
GRADE not reported
Oral health knowledge (1-9 scale) · Children or adolescents
Gamified interventions appear to improve children's oral health knowledge compared with conventional education, but the evidence is narrative and ungraded.
1 finding from 1 review
Oral hygiene behavior (brushing habits, preventive dental visits, dietary choices) · Children or adolescents
Gamified interventions appear to improve oral hygiene behaviors (brushing habits, preventive dental visits) in children, but the evidence is narrative and ungraded.
1 finding from 1 review