Proportion of children with AOM: children not prone to AOM · children up to age 18 years
Probiotic probably leads to lower proportion of children with AOM: children not prone to AOM compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Proportion of children with AOM: children prone to AOM · children up to age 18 years
Probiotic showed no clear difference in proportion of children with AOM: children prone to AOM compared with placebo (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Severity of AOM · children up to age 18 years
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Adverse events · children up to age 18 years
Probiotic showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Time off school for child · children up to age 18 years
1 finding from 1 review
Difference in the use of antibiotics · children up to age 18 years
Probiotic probably leads to lower difference in the use of antibiotics compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Difference in proportion of children with other infections · children up to age 18 years
Probiotic probably leads to lower difference in proportion of children with other infections compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Influenza · people aged over 65 years
Influenza vaccine may leads to lower influenza compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Influenza‐like illness · people aged over 65 years
Influenza vaccine probably leads to lower influenza‐like illness compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Pneumonia · people aged over 65 years
1 finding from 1 review
Hospitalisation ‐ not reported · people aged over 65 years
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
All deaths · people aged over 65 years
It is very uncertain whether influenza vaccine changes all deaths compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Fever · people aged over 65 years
Influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in fever compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Nausea · people aged over 65 years
Influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in nausea compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Influenza assessed by laboratory confirmation · healthy, community‐dwelling children younger than 16 years of age
Live attenuated influenza vaccine probably leads to lower influenza assessed by laboratory confirmation compared with placebo or do nothing (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Influenza‐like illness · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age
Inactivated influenza vaccine probably leads to lower influenza‐like illness assessed by subjective report compared with placebo or do nothing (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Otitis media · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age
Inactivated influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in otitis media assessed by clinical confirmation (inspection of ear… compared with placebo or do nothing (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Absence from school · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age
It is very uncertain whether inactivated influenza vaccine changes absence from school compared with placebo or do nothing (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Number of parents having to take off work during · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Hospitalisation ‐ not reported · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found