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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Red blood cell transfusion vs non‐transfusion (Comparison 2) Fatigue Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory. Scale from: 4 to 20. · patients with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 519 participants | Low |
One intervention vs no intervention ANC coverage: four or more visits · improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes among pregnant women Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.11 [1.01, 1.22] | 10 studies · 45022 participants | High |
Combination of interventions vs no intervention ANC coverage: one or more visits · improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes among pregnant women Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.79 [1.47, 2.17] | 5 studies · 12426 participants | Moderate |
Combination of interventions vs no intervention Deliveries in a health facility · improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes among pregnant women Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 12314 participants | Moderate |
Combination of interventions vs no intervention Perinatal mortality · improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes among pregnant women Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 39130 participants | Moderate |
Combination of interventions vs no intervention Low birthweight · improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes among pregnant women Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2084 participants | Moderate |
Combination of interventions vs no intervention Intermittent Prophylactic Treatment for malaria · improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes among pregnant women Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
One intervention vs no intervention Pregnancy‐related deaths · improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes among pregnant women Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.69 [0.45, 1.08] | 10 studies · 114930 participants | Low |
One intervention vs no intervention ANC coverage: one or more visits · improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes among pregnant women Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.68 [1.02, 2.79] | 6 studies · 19281 participants | Moderate |
One intervention vs no intervention Deliveries in a health facility · improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes among pregnant women Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.08 [1.02, 1.15] | 10 studies · 74299 participants | High |
One intervention vs no intervention Perinatal mortality · improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes among pregnant women Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.96 [0.89, 1.03] | 15 studies · 189164 participants | Moderate |
One intervention vs no intervention Low birthweight · improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes among pregnant women Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.94 [0.82, 1.06] | 5 studies · 27154 participants | High |
One intervention vs no intervention Intermittent Prophylactic Treatment for malaria · improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes among pregnant women Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Combination of interventions vs no intervention ANC coverage: four or more visits · improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes among pregnant women Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.48 [0.99, 2.21] | 6 studies · 7840 participants | Low |
Combination of interventions vs no intervention Pregnancy‐related deaths · improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes among pregnant women Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.7 [0.39, 1.26] | 3 studies · 13756 participants | Moderate |
Micronutrient powders for point‐of‐use fortification of foods vs iron and folic acid supplements Maternal anaemia at term or near term (haemoglobin (Hb) less than 110 g/L at 34 weeks' gestation or more) · women during pregnancy Multiple micronutrient powders for home (point‐of‐use) fortification of foods in pregnant women (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Micronutrient powders for point‐of‐use fortification of foods vs same multiple micronutrients Adverse effects (any)* · women during pregnancy Multiple micronutrient powders for home (point‐of‐use) fortification of foods in pregnant women (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Micronutrient powders for point‐of‐use fortification of foods vs same multiple micronutrients Low birthweight (birthweight less than 2500 g) · women during pregnancy Multiple micronutrient powders for home (point‐of‐use) fortification of foods in pregnant women (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Micronutrient powders for point‐of‐use fortification of foods vs same multiple micronutrients Preterm births (births before 37 weeks of gestation) · women during pregnancy Multiple micronutrient powders for home (point‐of‐use) fortification of foods in pregnant women (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Micronutrient powders for point‐of‐use fortification of foods vs iron and folic acid supplements Maternal iron deficiency at term or near term (as defined by authors of the trials, based on any indicator of iron status at 34 weeks' gestation or more) · women during pregnancy Multiple micronutrient powders for home (point‐of‐use) fortification of foods in pregnant women (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Micronutrient powders for point‐of‐use fortification of foods vs iron and folic acid supplements All‐cause maternal mortality (death while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy) · women during pregnancy Multiple micronutrient powders for home (point‐of‐use) fortification of foods in pregnant women (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Micronutrient powders for point‐of‐use fortification of foods vs iron and folic acid supplements Adverse effects (any)* · women during pregnancy Multiple micronutrient powders for home (point‐of‐use) fortification of foods in pregnant women (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Micronutrient powders for point‐of‐use fortification of foods vs iron and folic acid supplements Low birthweight (birthweight less than 2500 g) · women during pregnancy Multiple micronutrient powders for home (point‐of‐use) fortification of foods in pregnant women (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Micronutrient powders for point‐of‐use fortification of foods vs iron and folic acid supplements Preterm births (births before 37 weeks of gestation) · women during pregnancy Multiple micronutrient powders for home (point‐of‐use) fortification of foods in pregnant women (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Micronutrient powders for point‐of‐use fortification of foods vs same multiple micronutrients Maternal anaemia at term or near term (haemoglobin (Hb) less than 110 g/L at 34 weeks' gestation or more) · women during pregnancy Multiple micronutrient powders for home (point‐of‐use) fortification of foods in pregnant women (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 470 participants | Very low |
Micronutrient powders for point‐of‐use fortification of foods vs same multiple micronutrients Maternal iron deficiency at term or near term (as defined by authors of the trials, based on any indicator of iron status at 34 weeks' gestation or more) · women during pregnancy Multiple micronutrient powders for home (point‐of‐use) fortification of foods in pregnant women (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Micronutrient powders for point‐of‐use fortification of foods vs same multiple micronutrients All‐cause maternal mortality (death while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy) · women during pregnancy Multiple micronutrient powders for home (point‐of‐use) fortification of foods in pregnant women (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Fetal, neonatal and infant death · Women in preterm labour Different treatment regimens of magnesium sulphate for tocolysis in women in preterm labour (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.43 [0.12, 1.56] | 1 study · 100 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Respiratory distress syndrome · Women in preterm labour Different treatment regimens of magnesium sulphate for tocolysis in women in preterm labour (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.31 [0.11, 0.88] | 1 study · 100 participants | Low |
Test of placental function vs standard care Death of a baby (stillbirth or neonatal death) report of perinatal death · women in the third trimester of pregnancy Use of biochemical tests of placental function for improving pregnancy outcome (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.36, 2.13] | 2 studies · 740 participants | Very low |
Test of placental function vs standard care Stillbirth report of stillbirth · women in the third trimester of pregnancy Use of biochemical tests of placental function for improving pregnancy outcome (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.16, 1.88] | 2 studies · 740 participants | Very low |
Test of placental function vs standard care Neonatal death report of neonatal death · women in the third trimester of pregnancy Use of biochemical tests of placental function for improving pregnancy outcome (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.62 [0.39, 6.74] | 2 studies · 740 participants | Very low |
Test of placental function vs standard care Small‐for‐gestational age (below 10th centile on customised birthweight chart or as defined by trialists) birthweight centile chart · women in the third trimester of pregnancy Use of biochemical tests of placental function for improving pregnancy outcome (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.16, 1.19] | 1 study · 118 participants | Low |
Test of placental function vs standard care Preterm birth (before 37 weeks' gestation) reported gestation at birth · women in the third trimester of pregnancy Use of biochemical tests of placental function for improving pregnancy outcome (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.9 [0.12, 69.81] | 1 study · 118 participants | Low |
Test of placental function vs standard care Elective delivery (induction of labour or non‐labour caesarean section) report of mode of delivery · women in the third trimester of pregnancy Use of biochemical tests of placental function for improving pregnancy outcome (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.84, 1.14] | 2 studies · 740 participants | Low |
Test of placental function vs standard care Caesarean section report of mode of delivery · women in the third trimester of pregnancy Use of biochemical tests of placental function for improving pregnancy outcome (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.15, 1.52] | 1 study · 118 participants | Low |
Universal screening vs case finding Thyroid dysfunction diagnosed in pregnancy: hypothyroid · women during pregnancy Screening and subsequent management for thyroid dysfunction pre‐pregnancy and during pregnancy for improving… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 3.15 [1.91, 5.2] | 1 study · 4562 participants | High |
Universal screening vs no screening Thyroid dysfunction diagnosed in pregnancy: hyperthyroid · women during pregnancy Screening and subsequent management for thyroid dysfunction pre‐pregnancy and during pregnancy for improving… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Universal screening vs no screening Pre‐eclampsia · women during pregnancy Screening and subsequent management for thyroid dysfunction pre‐pregnancy and during pregnancy for improving… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Universal screening vs no screening Preterm birth · women during pregnancy Screening and subsequent management for thyroid dysfunction pre‐pregnancy and during pregnancy for improving… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Universal screening vs no screening Neurosensory disability (any of cerebral palsy, blindness, deafness, developmental delay/intellectual impairment, at latest time reported): IQ < 85 at 3 years of age · women during pregnancy Screening and subsequent management for thyroid dysfunction pre‐pregnancy and during pregnancy for improving… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.6, 1.22] | 1 study · 794 participants | Moderate |
Universal screening vs no screening Miscarriage · women during pregnancy Screening and subsequent management for thyroid dysfunction pre‐pregnancy and during pregnancy for improving… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Universal screening vs no screening Adverse effects associated with the intervention · women during pregnancy Screening and subsequent management for thyroid dysfunction pre‐pregnancy and during pregnancy for improving… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Universal screening vs no screening Death (defined as all fetal and neonatal deaths) · women during pregnancy Screening and subsequent management for thyroid dysfunction pre‐pregnancy and during pregnancy for improving… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Universal screening vs case finding Thyroid dysfunction diagnosed in pregnancy: hyperthyroid · women during pregnancy Screening and subsequent management for thyroid dysfunction pre‐pregnancy and during pregnancy for improving… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 4.5 [0.97, 20.82] | 1 study · 4562 participants | Moderate |
Universal screening vs case finding Pre‐eclampsia · women during pregnancy Screening and subsequent management for thyroid dysfunction pre‐pregnancy and during pregnancy for improving… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.64, 1.18] | 1 study · 4516 participants | Moderate |
Universal screening vs case finding Neurosensory disability (any of cerebral palsy, blindness, deafness, developmental delay/intellectual impairment, at latest time reported): IQ < 85 at 3 years of age · women during pregnancy Screening and subsequent management for thyroid dysfunction pre‐pregnancy and during pregnancy for improving… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Universal screening vs case finding Preterm birth · women during pregnancy Screening and subsequent management for thyroid dysfunction pre‐pregnancy and during pregnancy for improving… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.8, 1.24] | 1 study · 4516 participants | High |
Universal screening vs case finding Miscarriage · women during pregnancy Screening and subsequent management for thyroid dysfunction pre‐pregnancy and during pregnancy for improving… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.68, 1.19] | 1 study · 4516 participants | Moderate |
Universal screening vs case finding Adverse effects associated with the intervention · women during pregnancy Screening and subsequent management for thyroid dysfunction pre‐pregnancy and during pregnancy for improving… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |