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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
External pneumatic intermittent compression vs rest Woman's perception of pain (as defined by trialists) · Pregnant women with varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy Interventions for varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
External pneumatic intermittent compression vs rest Complications associated with varicose veins and leg oedema (venous leg ulcer) · Pregnant women with varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy Interventions for varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
External pneumatic intermittent compression vs rest Symptoms associated with varicose veins and oedema · Pregnant women with varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy Interventions for varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Clindamycin plus aminoglycoside vs any other regimen Treatment failure ‐ lincosamides versus cephalosporins · women with postpartum endometritis Antibiotic regimens for postpartum endometritis (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.49, 0.99] | 8 studies · 872 participants | Low |
Clindamycin plus aminoglycoside vs any other regimen Treatment failure ‐ lincosamides versus penicillins · women with postpartum endometritis Antibiotic regimens for postpartum endometritis (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.46, 0.9] | 7 studies · 689 participants | Low |
Clindamycin plus aminoglycoside vs any other regimen Severe complication ‐ lincosamides versus cephalosporins · women with postpartum endometritis Antibiotic regimens for postpartum endometritis (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.4 [0.3, 19.19] | 4 studies · 476 participants | Very low |
Clindamycin plus aminoglycoside vs any other regimen Severe complication ‐ lincosamides versus penicillins · women with postpartum endometritis Antibiotic regimens for postpartum endometritis (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.09, 1.18] | 5 studies · 422 participants | Low |
Clindamycin plus aminoglycoside vs any other regimen Wound infection ‐ lincosamides versus cephalosporins · women with postpartum endometritis Antibiotic regimens for postpartum endometritis (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.3, 0.93] | 4 studies · 500 participants | Low |
Clindamycin plus aminoglycoside vs any other regimen Wound infection ‐ lincosamides versus penicillins · women with postpartum endometritis Antibiotic regimens for postpartum endometritis (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.46 [0.21, 1] | 3 studies · 339 participants | Low |
Clindamycin plus aminoglycoside vs any other regimen Allergic reaction ‐ lincosamides versus cephalosporins · women with postpartum endometritis Antibiotic regimens for postpartum endometritis (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.36 [0.44, 4.21] | 6 studies · 680 participants | Low |
Clindamycin plus aminoglycoside vs any other regimen Allergic reaction ‐ lincosamides versus penicillins · women with postpartum endometritis Antibiotic regimens for postpartum endometritis (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.14, 6.96] | 2 studies · 247 participants | Very low |
Low‐back pain: any exercises + usual prenatal care vs usual prenatal care Pain intensity measured by a number of different measurements; lower score = better. · pregnant women with back pain Interventions for preventing and treating low‐back and pelvic pain during pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 645 participants | Low |
Low‐back pain: any exercises + usual prenatal care vs usual prenatal care Disability measured by Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire and Oswestry Disability Index; lower score = better. · pregnant women with back pain Interventions for preventing and treating low‐back and pelvic pain during pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 146 participants | Low |
Pelvic + low‐back pain: any exercises + usual prenatal care vs usual prenatal care Number of women who reported pain on Visual Analogue Scale. · pregnant women with, or at risk of developing, pelvic and back pain Interventions for preventing and treating low‐back and pelvic pain during pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.45, 0.97] | 4 studies · 1176 participants | Moderate |
Pelvic + low‐back pain: any exercises + usual prenatal care vs usual prenatal care Number of women who reported LBPP‐related sick leave. · pregnant women with, or at risk of developing, pelvic and back pain Interventions for preventing and treating low‐back and pelvic pain during pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.62, 0.94] | 2 studies · 1062 participants | Moderate |
All routine Doppler ultrasound vs no Doppler ultrasound Perinatal death (stillbirth and neonatal death including anomalies) · Pregnant women in unselected or low‐risk populations. Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in normal pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.35, 1.83] | 4 studies · 11183 participants | Low |
All routine Doppler ultrasound vs no Doppler ultrasound Serious neonatal morbidity · Pregnant women in unselected or low‐risk populations. Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in normal pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.06, 15.75] | 1 study · 2016 participants | Low |
All routine Doppler ultrasound vs no Doppler ultrasound Stillbirth ‐ Fetal/umbilical vessels only · Pregnant women in unselected or low‐risk populations. Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in normal pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.34 [0.12, 0.95] | 2 studies · 6877 participants | Moderate |
All routine Doppler ultrasound vs no Doppler ultrasound Stillbirth ‐ Fetal/umbilical vessels + uterine artery · Pregnant women in unselected or low‐risk populations. Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in normal pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.41 [0.44, 4.46] | 2 studies · 5276 participants | Low |
All routine Doppler ultrasound vs no Doppler ultrasound Caesarean section (elective and emergency) · Pregnant women in unselected or low‐risk populations. Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in normal pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.85, 1.13] | 2 studies · 6373 participants | High |
All routine Doppler ultrasound vs no Doppler ultrasound Preterm birth (before 37 weeks) · Pregnant women in unselected or low‐risk populations. Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in normal pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.86, 1.21] | 4 studies · 12162 participants | High |
All routine Doppler ultrasound vs no Doppler ultrasound Neonatal admission to special care baby unit/neonatal intensive care unit · Pregnant women in unselected or low‐risk populations. Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in normal pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.84, 1.17] | 3 studies · 7477 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Perinatal mortality · women in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation) in both unselected populations and designated low‐risk populations Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation) (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.67, 1.54] | 8 studies · 30675 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Preterm delivery < 37 weeks' gestation · women in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation) in both unselected populations and designated low‐risk populations Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation) (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.85, 1.08] | 2 studies · 17151 participants | High |
Intervention NR Induction of labour · women in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation) in both unselected populations and designated low‐risk populations Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation) (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.81, 1.07] | 6 studies · 22663 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Caesarean section · women in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation) in both unselected populations and designated low‐risk populations Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation) (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.97, 1.09] | 6 studies · 27461 participants | High |
Intervention NR Preterm delivery less than 34 weeks · women in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation) in both unselected populations and designated low‐risk populations Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation) (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Maternal psychological effects · women in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation) in both unselected populations and designated low‐risk populations Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation) (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Neurodevelopment at age 2 · women in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation) in both unselected populations and designated low‐risk populations Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation) (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Prophylactic antibiotics vs placebo Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes · women in the second or third trimester of pregnancy before labour and delivery Antibiotic prophylaxis during the second and third trimester to reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes and… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.31 [0.06, 1.49] | 1 study · 229 participants | Low |
Prophylactic antibiotics vs placebo Prelabour rupture of membranes · women in the second or third trimester of pregnancy before labour and delivery Antibiotic prophylaxis during the second and third trimester to reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes and… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.34 [0.15, 0.78] | 1 study · 229 participants | Low |
Prophylactic antibiotics vs placebo Preterm delivery · women in the second or third trimester of pregnancy before labour and delivery Antibiotic prophylaxis during the second and third trimester to reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes and… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.72, 1.09] | 6 studies · 3663 participants | High |
Prophylactic antibiotics vs placebo Chorioamnionitis · women in the second or third trimester of pregnancy before labour and delivery Antibiotic prophylaxis during the second and third trimester to reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes and… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.1, 3.62] | 1 study · 229 participants | Very low |
Prophylactic antibiotics vs placebo Puerperal sepsis/postpartum endometritis · women in the second or third trimester of pregnancy before labour and delivery Antibiotic prophylaxis during the second and third trimester to reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes and… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.35, 0.82] | 3 studies · 627 participants | Moderate |
Prophylactic antibiotics vs placebo Intrapartum fever needing treatment with antibiotics · women in the second or third trimester of pregnancy before labour and delivery Antibiotic prophylaxis during the second and third trimester to reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes and… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Case notes vs control Women who felt in control · pregnant women from the time of their first antenatal visit to the end of the puerperium Giving women their own case notes to carry during pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.56 [1.18, 2.06] | 2 studies · 450 participants | Moderate |
Case notes vs control Women's satisfaction with antenatal care · pregnant women from the time of their first antenatal visit to the end of the puerperium Giving women their own case notes to carry during pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.92, 1.29] | 2 studies · 698 participants | Low |
Case notes vs control Women who wanted to carry case notes in subsequent pregnancy · pregnant women from the time of their first antenatal visit to the end of the puerperium Giving women their own case notes to carry during pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.79 [1.57, 2.03] | 3 studies · 552 participants | Low |
Case notes vs control Breastfeeding · pregnant women from the time of their first antenatal visit to the end of the puerperium Giving women their own case notes to carry during pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.99, 1.02] | 2 studies · 704 participants | Moderate |
Case notes vs control Epidural analgesia used in labour · pregnant women from the time of their first antenatal visit to the end of the puerperium Giving women their own case notes to carry during pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.43 [0.96, 2.13] | 1 study · 212 participants | Low |
Case notes vs control Caesarean section · pregnant women from the time of their first antenatal visit to the end of the puerperium Giving women their own case notes to carry during pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.51 [1.1, 2.08] | 1 study · 501 participants | Moderate |
Case notes vs control Stillbirth or neonatal death · pregnant women from the time of their first antenatal visit to the end of the puerperium Giving women their own case notes to carry during pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.99, 1.01] | 2 studies · 713 participants | Moderate |
Tetanus toxoid vs influenza vaccine Neonatal tetanus deaths ‐ 1 dose · women aged between 13 and 45 years. Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.26, 1.24] | 1 study · 494 participants | Low |
Local and systemic reactions after administration of Tetanus Diphtheria acelluar Pertussis vaccine vs saline placebo Injection site reactions ‐ induration ‐ swelling · patients with local and systemic reactions Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus (2015) · Cochrane | RR 3.29 [0.18, 60.05] | 1 study · 48 participants | Moderate |
Local and systemic reactions after administration of Tetanus Diphtheria acelluar Pertussis vaccine vs saline placebo Systemic reactions ‐ fever (oral temperature ≥ 38°C) · patients with local and systemic reactions Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.41 [0.06, 32.78] | 1 study · 48 participants | Moderate |
Local and systemic reactions after administration of Tetanus Diphtheria acelluar Pertussis vaccine vs saline placebo Systemic reactions ‐ headache · patients with local and systemic reactions Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.67 [0.54, 5.11] | 1 study · 48 participants | Moderate |
Local and systemic reactions after administration of Tetanus Diphtheria acelluar Pertussis vaccine vs saline placebo Systemic reactions ‐ malaise · patients with local and systemic reactions Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.19, 4.43] | 1 study · 48 participants | Moderate |
Local and systemic reactions after administration of Tetanus Diphtheria acelluar Pertussis vaccine vs saline placebo Systemic reactions ‐ myalgia · patients with local and systemic reactions Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus (2015) · Cochrane | RR 5.18 [0.3, 88.02] | 1 study · 48 participants | Moderate |
Tetanus toxoid vs influenza vaccine Neonatal tetanus deaths ‐ 2 or 3 doses · women aged between 13 and 45 years. Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.02 [0, 0.3] | 1 study · 688 participants | Moderate |
Tetanus toxoid vs influenza vaccine All causes of deaths ‐ 1 dose · women aged between 13 and 45 years. Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.65, 1.79] | 1 study · 494 participants | Low |