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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
430 questions in 68 reviews · Tobacco Addiction
current versionsNo studies 26 · 6%Ungraded 12 · 2.8%Very low 116 · 27%Low 159 · 37%Moderate 87 · 20.2%High 30 · 7%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Reduction to quit vs no treatment Smoking cessation (≥ 6 month · people who smoke Smoking reduction interventions for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.74 [0.9, 3.38] | 6 studies · 1599 participants | Very low |
Reduction and pharmacotherapy vs reduction alone Main analysis (all pharmacotherapy): smoking cessation (≥ 6 month · people who smoke Smoking reduction interventions for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.68 [1.09, 2.58] | 11 studies · 8636 participants | Low |
Reduction and pharmacotherapy vs reduction alone Subgroup: combination NRT; smoking cessation (≥ 6 month · people who smoke Smoking reduction interventions for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.61, 1.69] | 3 studies · 1124 participants | Low |
Reduction and pharmacotherapy vs reduction alone Subgroup: nicotine patch; smoking cessation (≥ 6 month · people who smoke Smoking reduction interventions for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.34 [0.02, 5.31] | 1 study · 85 participants | Very low |
Reduction and pharmacotherapy vs reduction alone Subgroup: fast‐acting NRT only; smoking cessation (≥ 6 month · people who smoke Smoking reduction interventions for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.56 [1.93, 3.39] | 7 studies · 5323 participants | Moderate |
Reduction and pharmacotherapy vs reduction alone Subgroup: varenicline only; smoking cessation (≥ 6 month · people who smoke Smoking reduction interventions for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane | RR 3.99 [2.93, 5.44] | 1 study · 1510 participants | Moderate |
Reduction and pharmacotherapy vs reduction alone Subgroup: bupropion only; smoking cessation (≥ 6 month · people who smoke Smoking reduction interventions for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.67, 2.4] | 1 study · 594 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Smoking cessation: performance‐based eligibility competitions versus alternative cessation intervention · tobacco smokers Competitions for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 3201 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Smoking cessation: performance‐based reward competitions versus alternative cessation intervention · tobacco smokers Competitions for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 915 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Smoking cessation at 6+ months · people who smoke cigarettes Nicotine replacement therapy versus control for smoking cessation (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.55 [1.49, 1.61] | 133 studies · 64640 participants | High |
Intervention NR Multi‐component, counselling‐based interventions · people who smoke and are involved in the care of young children (birth to 12 years of age) Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 2880 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Multi‐component, counselling‐based interventions · people who smoke and are involved in the care of young children (birth to 12 years of age) Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 8005 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Multi‐component, education‐based interventions · people who smoke and are involved in the care of young children (birth to 12 years of age) Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1401 participants | Low |
Intervention NR In‐person counselling (no additional components) · people who smoke and are involved in the care of young children (birth to 12 years of age) Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1483 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Telephone counselling · people who smoke and are involved in the care of young children (birth to 12 years of age) Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 952 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Brief interventions · people who smoke and are involved in the care of young children (birth to 12 years of age) Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 218 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Multi‐comoponent, education‐based interventions · people who smoke and are involved in the care of young children (birth to 12 years of age) Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 307 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR In‐person counselling (no additional components) · people who smoke and are involved in the care of young children (birth to 12 years of age) Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 1001 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Telephone counselling · people who smoke and are involved in the care of young children (birth to 12 years of age) Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 347 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Multi‐component, counselling‐based interventions · people who smoke and are involved in the care of young children (birth to 12 years of age) Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 746 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Multi‐component, education‐based interventions · people who smoke and are involved in the care of young children (birth to 12 years of age) Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 2936 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR In‐person counselling (no additional components) · people who smoke and are involved in the care of young children (birth to 12 years of age) Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 1835 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Telephone counselling · people who smoke and are involved in the care of young children (birth to 12 years of age) Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Brief interventions · people who smoke and are involved in the care of young children (birth to 12 years of age) Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 100 participants | Very low |
Cessation interventions with a partner support component vs cessation interventions without a partner support component Long‐term smoking abstinence (6 to 9 months) · people who smoked and were willing to be recruited to a cessation programme Enhancing partner support to improve smoking cessation (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.83, 1.14] | 13 studies · 2818 participants | Low |
Cessation interventions with a partner support component vs cessation interventions without a partner support component Long‐term smoking abstinence (12 months+) · people who smoked and were willing to be recruited to a cessation programme Enhancing partner support to improve smoking cessation (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.88, 1.22] | 7 studies · 2573 participants | Low |
Oral and sublingual immunotherapy vs no therapy Increase in the amount of egg that could be tolerated · children with egg allergy Oral and sublingual immunotherapy for egg allergy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 7.48 [4.91, 11.38] | 9 studies · 410 participants | Low |
Oral and sublingual immunotherapy vs no therapy Complete recovery · children with egg allergy Oral and sublingual immunotherapy for egg allergy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 4.25 [2.77, 6.53] | 10 studies · 439 participants | Low |
Oral and sublingual immunotherapy vs no therapy Numbers of children with serious adverse events · children with egg allergy Oral and sublingual immunotherapy for egg allergy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 439 participants | Low |
Oral and sublingual immunotherapy vs no therapy Number of children with mild‐to‐severe adverse events · children with egg allergy Oral and sublingual immunotherapy for egg allergy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 8.35 [5.31, 13.12] | 10 studies · 439 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Smoking rates ( · Young people aged less than 25 years Mass media interventions for preventing smoking in young people (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 90125 participants | Very low |
Group‐format behavioural programmes vs alternative support Outcome: Smoking cessation assessed at least 6 months after start of treatment, based on self‐report, ± biochemical validation of abstinence · People who smoke Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Group‐format behavioural programmes vs alternative support Group programme compared to self‐help programme · People who smoke Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.88 [1.52, 2.33] | 13 studies · 4395 participants | Moderate |
Group‐format behavioural programmes vs alternative support Group programme compared to brief support · People who smoke Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [1.07, 1.46] | 16 studies · 7601 participants | Low |
Group‐format behavioural programmes vs alternative support Group programme compared to face‐to‐face individual intervention · People who smoke Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.76, 1.28] | 6 studies · 980 participants | Moderate |
Group‐format behavioural programmes vs alternative support Group programme plus pharmacotherapy versus pharmacotherapy and brief support alone · People who smoke Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.93, 1.33] | 5 studies · 1523 participants | Moderate |
Group‐format behavioural programmes vs alternative support Group programme versus 'no intervention' controls · People who smoke Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.6 [1.8, 3.76] | 9 studies · 1098 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Smoking cessation at longest · Adult smokers Nursing interventions for smoking cessation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [1.21, 1.38] | 44 studies · 20881 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Smoking cessation at longest · Adult smokers Nursing interventions for smoking cessation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [1.21, 1.38] | 37 studies · 16865 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Smoking cessation at longest · Adult smokers Nursing interventions for smoking cessation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.99, 1.62] | 7 studies · 4016 participants | Moderate |
Individual counselling vs minimal contact control Smoking cessation at longest · People who smoke Individual behavioural counselling for smoking cessation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.57 [1.4, 1.77] | 27 studies · 11100 participants | High |
Individual counselling vs minimal contact control Smoking cessation at longest · People who smoke Individual behavioural counselling for smoking cessation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [1.01, 1.51] | 6 studies · 2662 participants | Moderate |
More intensive vs less intensive counselling Smoking cessation at longest · People who smoke Individual behavioural counselling for smoking cessation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [1.09, 1.53] | 11 studies · 2920 participants | High |
Behavioural interventions vs minimal control Comparisons and outcomes1 · young people Tobacco cessation interventions for young people (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pharmacological interventions vs placebo Bupropion vs placebo Smoking cessation · young people Tobacco cessation interventions for young people (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.49 [0.55, 4.02] | 1 study · 207 participants | Very low |
Pharmacological interventions vs placebo Bupropion vs placebo Adverse events · young people Tobacco cessation interventions for young people (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 207 participants | Very low |
Pharmacological interventions vs placebo Nicotine patch + bupropion vs nicotine patch + placebo Smoking cessation · young people Tobacco cessation interventions for young people (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.41, 2.69] | 1 study · 211 participants | Very low |
Pharmacological interventions vs placebo Nicotine patch + bupropion vs nicotine patch + placebo Adverse events · young people Tobacco cessation interventions for young people (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 211 participants | Very low |
Behavioural interventions vs minimal control Individual counselling (in‐person) vs control Smoking cessation · young people Tobacco cessation interventions for young people (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.83, 1.39] | 7 studies · 2088 participants | Low |
Behavioural interventions vs minimal control Group counselling vs control Smoking cessation · young people Tobacco cessation interventions for young people (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.35 [1.03, 1.77] | 9 studies · 1910 participants | Low |