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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings table ‐ High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) Duration of any form of respiratory support (any form of non‐invasive respiratory support with or without supplemental oxygen) · respiratory support in term infants (infants ≥ 37 weeks gestational age to the end of the neonatal period (up to 1… High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in term infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 530 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) Length of stay at intensive care unit · respiratory support in term infants (infants ≥ 37 weeks gestational age to the end of the neonatal period (up to 1… High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in term infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 452 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) Adverse events ‐ nasal trauma · respiratory support in term infants (infants ≥ 37 weeks gestational age to the end of the neonatal period (up to 1… High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in term infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.16 [0.04, 0.66] | 1 study · 78 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) Adverse events ‐ abdominal overdistention · respiratory support in term infants (infants ≥ 37 weeks gestational age to the end of the neonatal period (up to 1… High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in term infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.22 [0.07, 0.71] | 1 study · 78 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) vs low flow nasal cannula (LFNC) Death · respiratory support in term infants (infants ≥ 37 weeks gestational age to the end of the neonatal period (up to 1… High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in term infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 95 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings table ‐ High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) vs low flow nasal cannula (LFNC) Treatment failure · respiratory support in term infants (infants ≥ 37 weeks gestational age to the end of the neonatal period (up to 1… High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in term infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.21, 0.92] | 2 studies · 95 participants | Low |
Dextrose gel vs placebo Hypoglycaemia (investigator‐defined) · newborn infants at risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia Oral dextrose gel to prevent hypoglycaemia in at‐risk neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.79, 0.95] | 2 studies · 2548 participants | High |
Dextrose gel vs placebo Major neurological disability at 2 years of age (Defined as any of the following: legal blindness, sensorineural deafness requiring hearing aids, moderate or severe cerebral palsy or developmental delay/intellectual impairment (developmental quoti... · newborn infants at risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia Oral dextrose gel to prevent hypoglycaemia in at‐risk neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.59, 1.68] | 2 studies · 1554 participants | Low |
Dextrose gel vs placebo Receipt of treatment for hypoglycaemia during initial hospital stay (investigator‐defined, any treatment ‐ oral dextrose gel, intravenous dextrose, or other drug therapy) during initial hospital stay (yes/no) · newborn infants at risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia Oral dextrose gel to prevent hypoglycaemia in at‐risk neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.79, 1] | 2 studies · 2548 participants | Moderate |
Dextrose gel vs placebo Receipt of intravenous treatment for hypoglycaemia (yes/no) · newborn infants at risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia Oral dextrose gel to prevent hypoglycaemia in at‐risk neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.68, 1.49] | 2 studies · 2548 participants | Moderate |
Dextrose gel vs placebo Adverse events# (e.g. choking or vomiting at time of administration) · newborn infants at risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia Oral dextrose gel to prevent hypoglycaemia in at‐risk neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [0.64, 2.33] | 2 studies · 2510 participants | Moderate |
Dextrose gel vs placebo Separation from mother for treatment of hypoglycaemia (infant nursed in an environment that is not in the same room as the mother, e.g. for NICU admission or the like) (yes/no) · newborn infants at risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia Oral dextrose gel to prevent hypoglycaemia in at‐risk neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.81, 1.55] | 2 studies · 2548 participants | Low |
Dextrose gel vs placebo Breastfeeding (exclusive after discharge) ‐ not reported (WHO 2008 definition (yes/no)) · newborn infants at risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia Oral dextrose gel to prevent hypoglycaemia in at‐risk neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Early (less than seven days following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake Mortality (latest time reported up to hospital discharge) · preterm or low birth weight infants Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.38, 2.72] | 3 studies · 83 participants | Low |
Late (seven days or more following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake Hyponatraemia (< 130 mmol/L) · preterm or low birth weight infants Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.13 [0.03, 0.5] | 2 studies · 69 participants | Low |
Late (seven days or more following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake Hypernatraemia (≥ 150 mmol/L) · preterm or low birth weight infants Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 7.88 [0.43, 144.81] | 2 studies · 69 participants | Very low |
Late (seven days or more following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake Postnatal growth failure (weight < 10th percentile) · preterm or low birth weight infants Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.09, 0.69] | 1 study · 29 participants | Low |
Late (seven days or more following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm or low birth weight infants Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.07 [0, 1.25] | 1 study · 49 participants | Very low |
Late (seven days or more following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake Chronic lung disease · preterm or low birth weight infants Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.03 [0.8, 5.2] | 1 study · 49 participants | Very low |
Early and late (day 1 to 28 after birth) higher vs lower sodium intake Mortality (latest time reported up to hospital discharge) · preterm or low birth weight infants Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Early and late (day 1 to 28 after birth) higher vs lower sodium intake Neurodevelopmental disability · preterm or low birth weight infants Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Early and late (day 1 to 28 after birth) higher vs lower sodium intake Hyponatraemia (< 130 mmol/L) · preterm or low birth weight infants Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Early and late (day 1 to 28 after birth) higher vs lower sodium intake Hypernatraemia (≥ 150 mmol/L) · preterm or low birth weight infants Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.5 [0.63, 10] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Early and late (day 1 to 28 after birth) higher vs lower sodium intake Postnatal growth failure (weight < 10th percentile) · preterm or low birth weight infants Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Early (less than seven days following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake Neurodevelopmental disability · preterm or low birth weight infants Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Early and late (day 1 to 28 after birth) higher vs lower sodium intake Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm or low birth weight infants Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Early and late (day 1 to 28 after birth) higher vs lower sodium intake Chronic lung disease · preterm or low birth weight infants Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Early (less than seven days following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake Hyponatraemia (< 130 mmol/L) · preterm or low birth weight infants Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.4, 1.13] | 3 studies · 83 participants | Low |
Early (less than seven days following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake Hypernatraemia (≥ 150 mmol/L) · preterm or low birth weight infants Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.62 [1, 2.65] | 4 studies · 103 participants | Low |
Early (less than seven days following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake Postnatal growth failure · preterm or low birth weight infants Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Early (less than seven days following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm or low birth weight infants Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 4.6 [0.23, 90.84] | 1 study · 46 participants | Very low |
Early (less than seven days following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake Chronic lung disease · preterm or low birth weight infants Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Late (seven days or more following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake Mortality (latest time reported up to hospital discharge) · preterm or low birth weight infants Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.13 [0.01, 2.2] | 1 study · 49 participants | Very low |
Late (seven days or more following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake Neurodevelopmental disability · preterm or low birth weight infants Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings table ‐ routine monitoring vs no routine monitoring of gastric residual Risk of necrotising enterocolitis stage ≥ 2 · preterm infants Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.46, 2.57] | 4 studies · 334 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Quality and volume of gastric residual vs quality of gastric residual alone Time to regain birth weight (days) · feed interruption while monitoring gastric residual Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 87 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Quality and volume of gastric residual vs quality of gastric residual alone Number of infants with feed interruption episodes (lasting ≥ 12 hours) · feed interruption while monitoring gastric residual Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 3.21 [0.13, 76.67] | 1 study · 87 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Quality and volume of gastric residual vs quality of gastric residual alone Number of total parenteral nutrition days · feed interruption while monitoring gastric residual Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 87 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Quality and volume of gastric residual vs quality of gastric residual alone Risk of invasive Infection · feed interruption while monitoring gastric residual Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 5.35 [0.26, 108.27] | 1 study · 87 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Quality and volume of gastric residual vs quality of gastric residual alone All‐cause mortality before hospital discharge · feed interruption while monitoring gastric residual Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 3.21 [0.13, 76.67] | 1 study · 87 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ routine monitoring vs no routine monitoring of gastric residual Time to establish full enteral feeds (days) · preterm infants Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 334 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ routine monitoring vs no routine monitoring of gastric residual Time to regain birth weight (days) · preterm infants Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 80 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ routine monitoring vs no routine monitoring of gastric residual Number of infants with feed interruption episodes (lasting ≥ 12 hours) · preterm infants Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.21 [1.53, 3.2] | 3 studies · 191 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ routine monitoring vs no routine monitoring of gastric residual Number of total parenteral nutrition days · preterm infants Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 334 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ routine monitoring vs no routine monitoring of gastric residual Risk of invasive infection · preterm infants Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.5 [1.02, 2.19] | 4 studies · 334 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ routine monitoring vs no routine monitoring of gastric residual All‐cause mortality before hospital discharge · preterm infants Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.14 [0.77, 5.97] | 3 studies · 273 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Quality and volume of gastric residual vs quality of gastric residual alone Risk of necrotising enterocolitis stage ≥ 2 · feed interruption while monitoring gastric residual Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 5.35 [0.26, 108.27] | 1 study · 87 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Quality and volume of gastric residual vs quality of gastric residual alone Time to establish full enteral feeds · feed interruption while monitoring gastric residual Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 87 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Re‐feeding vs discarding gastric residuals Time to regain birth weight (days) · preterm infants Re‐feeding versus discarding gastric residuals to improve growth in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 59 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Re‐feeding vs discarding gastric residuals Risk of NEC stage ≥ 2 or SIPb,c · preterm infants Re‐feeding versus discarding gastric residuals to improve growth in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.25, 2.04] | 1 study · 72 participants | Low |