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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

618 questions · 646 findings · 79 reviews · Neonatal

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No studies found 73 · 11.3%GRADE not reported 29 · 4.5%Very low 145 · 22.4%Low 177 · 27.4%Moderate 173 · 26.8%High 49 · 7.6%

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Low vs moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels

Treatment failure or need for mechanical ventilation · health problem or population

It is very uncertain whether summary of Findings Table ‐ Low changes treatment failure or need for mechanical ventilation compared with moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Low vs moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels

Mortality before hospital discharge · health problem or population

It is very uncertain whether summary of Findings Table ‐ Low changes mortality, by hospital discharge compared with moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Low vs moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels

Moderate‐severe neurodevelopmental impairment at 18 to 26 months ‐ not measured · health problem or population

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Low vs moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia/chronic lung disease · health problem or population

It is very uncertain whether summary of Findings Table ‐ Low changes BPD, defined as supplemental oxygen or positive pressure support use… compared with moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Low vs moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels

Combined outcome of mortality or BPD at 36 weeks' PMA · health problem or population

It is very uncertain whether summary of Findings Table ‐ Low changes death or BPD at 36 weeks' PMA compared with moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inositol supplementation IV initially followed by enteral administration (repeat doses of 80 mg/kg/day) in preterm infants born at less than 30 weeks' PMA vs placebo

BPD or death by it prior to 37 weeks' PMA (outcomes collected through first event: death, hospital discharge, hospital transfer, or 120 days after birth) · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome

Inositol supplementation IV initially followed by enteral… showed no clear difference in BPD or death by it prior to 37 weeks' PMA (outcomes collected… compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inositol supplementation IV initially followed by enteral administration (repeat doses of 80 mg/kg/day) in preterm infants born at less than 30 weeks' PMA vs placebo

Severe (grade 3 or greater) intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) on cranial ultrasound ‐ not reported · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome

Inositol supplementation IV initially followed by enteral… showed no clear difference in severe IVH (grade 3 or 4) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inositol supplementation IV initially followed by enteral administration (repeat doses of 80 mg/kg/day) in preterm infants born at less than 30 weeks' PMA vs placebo

Any late‐onset sepsis ‐ all infants · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome

Inositol supplementation IV initially followed by enteral… showed no clear difference in late‐onset sepsis (> 72 hours of age) compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inositol supplementation IV initially followed by enteral administration (repeat doses of 80 mg/kg/day) in preterm infants born at less than 30 weeks' PMA vs placebo

Necrotizing enterocolitis (suspected or proven) · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome

Inositol supplementation IV initially followed by enteral… showed no clear difference in suspected or proven NEC compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inositol supplementation IV initially followed by enteral administration (repeat doses of 80 mg/kg/day) in preterm infants born at less than 30 weeks' PMA vs placebo

Type 1 ROP or death before determination of ROP outcome using the adjudicated ROP outcome · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome

Inositol supplementation IV initially followed by enteral… showed no clear difference in type 1 ROP or death before determination of ROP outcome using the… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inositol supplementation IV initially followed by enteral administration (repeat doses of 80 mg/kg/day) in preterm infants born at less than 30 weeks' PMA vs placebo

Type 1 ROP including adjudicated ROP outcome · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome

Inositol supplementation IV initially followed by enteral… showed no clear difference in type 1 ROP including adjudicated ROP outcome compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inositol supplementation IV initially followed by enteral administration (repeat doses of 80 mg/kg/day) in preterm infants born at less than 30 weeks' PMA vs placebo

All‐cause mortality (outcome collected through first event: death, hospital discharge, hospital transfer, or 120 days after birth) · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome

Inositol supplementation IV initially followed by enteral… showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (outcome collected through first event: death,… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Familiar odour (breast milk smell) vs usual care

Pain (PIPP) · neonates with mechanical ventilation

Familiar odour (breast milk smell) showed no clear difference in PIPP during endotracheal suctioning Range of scale 0 to 21. Lower… compared with standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Facilitated tucking / four‐handed care / gentle human touch vs usual care

Pain (PIPP) · neonates with mechanical ventilation

Facilitated tucking / four‐handed care / gentle human touch showed no clear difference in PIPP during endotracheal suctioning Range of scale 0 to 21. Lower… compared with standard care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intermittent phototherapy vs continuous phototherapy

Bilirubin‐induced brain dysfunction (defined as either the pathological finding of deep‐yellow staining of neurons and neuronal necrosis of the basal ganglia and brainstem nuclei or acute or chronic neurological deficit including athetoid cerebral... · neonatal jaundice
1 finding from 1 review

Dextrose gel vs placebo

Major neurological disability at 2 years of age (Defined as any of the following: legal blindness, sensorineural deafness requiring hearing aids, moderate or severe cerebral palsy or developmental delay/intellectual impairment (developmental quoti... · newborn infants at risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia

Dextrose gel showed no clear difference in major neurological disability at 2 years of age (Defined as any of… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review