What do systematic reviews say?

NSAIDs vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Labour induction vs expectant management

Labour induction showed no clear difference in breastfeeding at discharge compared with expectant management (maternal outcomes) (moderate certainty).

• Induction of labour at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.96, 1.04]
  2 studies · 7487 participants
  Moderate

Compress treatments vs other treatments/routine care

• Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 102 participants
  Very low

Medical treatment vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Cold gel packs vs usual care

• Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 109 participants
  Low

Massage vs other treatments/routine care

• Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 152 participants
  Low

Other treatments vs other treatments/routine care

• Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 210 participants
  Low

Cabbage leaf treatments vs other treatments/placebo

• Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 111 participants
  Low

Pharmacological oral galactagogues vs placebo or no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non‐hospitalised… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Natural oral galactagogues vs placebo or no treatment

• Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non‐hospitalised… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 60 participants
  Very low

Yoga vs control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Music vs control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Relaxation vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Continuous support vs usual care

Continuous support showed no clear difference in exclusive or any breastfeeding at any time point, as defined by… compared with usual care (all trials) (low certainty).

• Continuous support for women during childbirth 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.05 [0.96, 1.16]
  4 studies · 5584 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to higher breastfeeding 1 month to 4 months post birth (moderate certainty).

• Early skin‐to‐skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.24 [1.07, 1.43]
  14 studies · 887 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Early skin‐to‐skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 264 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to higher exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge to 1 month post birth (moderate certainty).

• Early skin‐to‐skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.3 [1.12, 1.49]
  6 studies · 711 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to higher exclusive breastfeeding 6 weeks to 6 months post birth (moderate certainty).

• Early skin‐to‐skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.5 [1.18, 1.9]
  7 studies · 640 participants
  Moderate

Case notes vs control

Case notes showed no clear difference in breastfeeding compared with control (moderate certainty).

• Giving women their own case notes to carry during pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.99, 1.02]
  2 studies · 704 participants
  Moderate

Specialised antenatal clinics vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether specialised antenatal clinics changes breastfeeding 6 months' postpartum compared with standard care (very low certainty).

• Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a multiple pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.63 [0.24, 1.68]
  1 study · 123 participants
  Very low