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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Acupuncture vs metoclopramide Reduction or cessation in nausea · pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.4 [0.79, 2.49] | 1 study · 81 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture vs metoclopramide Reduction or cessation in vomiting · pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.51 [0.92, 2.48] | 1 study · 81 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture vs metoclopramide Number of episodes of emesis 2. Days of hospital admission 3. Intervention side effects 4. Quality of life outcomes 5. Pregnancy complications 6. Adverse fetal/neonatal outcomes · pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pyridoxine vs placebo Number of episodes of emesis · pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 66 participants | Low |
Summary of findings ‐ Nipple stimulation (suckling) vs no treatment (comparison 1) Maternal death · nipple stimulation (suckling) for preventing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour. Breastfeeding or nipple stimulation for reducing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour (2016) · Cochrane | RR 3.03 [0.12, 74.26] | 1 study · 4227 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings ‐ Nipple stimulation (suckling) vs no treatment (comparison 1) Frequency of PPH ≥ 500 mL · nipple stimulation (suckling) for preventing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour. Breastfeeding or nipple stimulation for reducing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.77, 1.16] | 1 study · 4227 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings ‐ Nipple stimulation (suckling) vs no treatment (comparison 1) Amount of blood loss · nipple stimulation (suckling) for preventing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour. Breastfeeding or nipple stimulation for reducing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 4227 participants | Low |
Summary of findings ‐ Nipple stimulation (suckling) vs no treatment (comparison 1) Retained placenta · nipple stimulation (suckling) for preventing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour. Breastfeeding or nipple stimulation for reducing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.14, 7.16] | 1 study · 4227 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings ‐ Nipple stimulation (suckling) vs no treatment (comparison 1) Perinatal death · nipple stimulation (suckling) for preventing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour. Breastfeeding or nipple stimulation for reducing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.57, 1.98] | 1 study · 4271 participants | Low |
Summary of findings ‐ Nipple stimulation (suckling) vs no treatment (comparison 1) Maternal admission to hospital · nipple stimulation (suckling) for preventing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour. Breastfeeding or nipple stimulation for reducing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.14, 7.16] | 1 study · 4227 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings ‐ Nipple stimulation (breast pump) vs oxytocin Amount blood loss · a total of 87 primigravida women were enrolled, 85 completed the study: 32 were study cases and 53 were controls.28%… Breastfeeding or nipple stimulation for reducing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 85 participants | Low |
Summary of findings ‐ Nipple stimulation (breast pump) vs oxytocin Postnatal anaemia · a total of 87 primigravida women were enrolled, 85 completed the study: 32 were study cases and 53 were controls.28%… Breastfeeding or nipple stimulation for reducing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 85 participants | Low |
Prophylactic oxytocin injection (delivered by community health officer) vs control (no injection) Severe postpartum haemorrhage (> 1000 mL) [ · pregnant women giving birth in non‐facility settings Oxytocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) in non‐facility birth settings (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.16 [0.02, 1.3] | 1 study · 1569 participants | Very low |
Prophylactic oxytocin injection (delivered by community health officer) vs control (no injection) Severe maternal morbidity · pregnant women giving birth in non‐facility settings Oxytocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) in non‐facility birth settings (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1586 participants | Very low |
Prophylactic oxytocin injection (delivered by community health officer) vs control (no injection) Maternal deaths · pregnant women giving birth in non‐facility settings Oxytocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) in non‐facility birth settings (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1586 participants | Very low |
Prophylactic oxytocin injection (delivered by community health officer) vs control (no injection) Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH greater or equal to 500 mL) [ · pregnant women giving birth in non‐facility settings Oxytocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) in non‐facility birth settings (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.28, 0.81] | 1 study · 1574 participants | Low |
Prophylactic oxytocin injection (delivered by community health officer) vs control (no injection) Postpartum haemorrhage (adjusted by design effect) [ · pregnant women giving birth in non‐facility settings Oxytocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) in non‐facility birth settings (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.49 [0.27, 0.9] | 1 study · 1574 participants | Low |
Prophylactic oxytocin injection (delivered by community health officer) vs control (no injection) Transfer or referral to health facility [ · pregnant women giving birth in non‐facility settings Oxytocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) in non‐facility birth settings (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.34, 1.56] | 1 study · 1586 participants | Low |
Prophylactic oxytocin injection (delivered by community health officer) vs control (no injection) Stillbirths [ · pregnant women giving birth in non‐facility settings Oxytocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) in non‐facility birth settings (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.67, 2.4] | 1 study · 2006 participants | Low |
Prophylactic oxytocin injection (delivered by community health officer) vs control (no injection) Early infant death (0‐3 days) [ · pregnant women giving birth in non‐facility settings Oxytocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) in non‐facility birth settings (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.35, 3.07] | 1 study · 1969 participants | Low |
Chewing gum vs control Time to first passage of flatus In hours · women in the immediate postpartum period (within the first 24 hours) after having had a caesarean section Chewing gum for enhancing early recovery of bowel function after caesarean section (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 2399 participants | Very low |
Chewing gum vs control Proportion of participants with ileus · women in the immediate postpartum period (within the first 24 hours) after having had a caesarean section Chewing gum for enhancing early recovery of bowel function after caesarean section (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.39 [0.19, 0.8] | 4 studies · 1139 participants | Low |
Chewing gum vs control Number of participants with adverse effects or intolerance to gum · women in the immediate postpartum period (within the first 24 hours) after having had a caesarean section Chewing gum for enhancing early recovery of bowel function after caesarean section (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 1888 participants | Low |
Chewing gum vs control Time to passage of faeces in hours · women in the immediate postpartum period (within the first 24 hours) after having had a caesarean section Chewing gum for enhancing early recovery of bowel function after caesarean section (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 2016 participants | Very low |
Amnioinfusion vs no amnioinfusion Perinatal death or severe morbidity (neonatal encephalopathy, intraventricular haemorrhage, admission to intensive/high care) · pregnant women with confirmed or suspected chorioamnionitis Amnioinfusion for chorioamnionitis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amnioinfusion vs no amnioinfusion Postpartum endometritis · pregnant women with confirmed or suspected chorioamnionitis Amnioinfusion for chorioamnionitis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.5 [0.29, 7.87] | 1 study · 34 participants | Low |
Amnioinfusion vs no amnioinfusion Neonatal infection · pregnant women with confirmed or suspected chorioamnionitis Amnioinfusion for chorioamnionitis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.13, 68.84] | 1 study · 34 participants | Low |
Amnioinfusion vs no amnioinfusion Caesarean section · pregnant women with confirmed or suspected chorioamnionitis Amnioinfusion for chorioamnionitis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.35, 2.83] | 1 study · 34 participants | Low |
Amnioinfusion vs no amnioinfusion Low Apgar score at five minutes (less than seven or as defined by trial authors) · pregnant women with confirmed or suspected chorioamnionitis Amnioinfusion for chorioamnionitis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intravenous route vs irrigation (lavage) Endometritis · pregnant women undergoing caesarean section Routes of administration of antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing infection after caesarean section (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.7, 1.29] | 8 studies · 966 participants | Low |
Intravenous route vs irrigation (lavage) Wound infection · pregnant women undergoing caesarean section Routes of administration of antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing infection after caesarean section (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.49 [0.17, 1.43] | 7 studies · 859 participants | Very low |
Intravenous route vs irrigation (lavage) Postpartum febrile morbidity · pregnant women undergoing caesarean section Routes of administration of antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing infection after caesarean section (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.48, 1.6] | 3 studies · 264 participants | Very low |
Intravenous route vs irrigation (lavage) Urinary tract infection · pregnant women undergoing caesarean section Routes of administration of antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing infection after caesarean section (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.25, 2.15] | 5 studies · 660 participants | Very low |
Intravenous route vs irrigation (lavage) Serious infectious complications · pregnant women undergoing caesarean section Routes of administration of antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing infection after caesarean section (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 81 participants | Very low |
Intravenous route vs irrigation (lavage) Adverse events (maternal) · pregnant women undergoing caesarean section Routes of administration of antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing infection after caesarean section (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 284 participants | Very low |
Intravenous route vs irrigation (lavage) Infant sepsis (suspected or proven) ‐ not measured · pregnant women undergoing caesarean section Routes of administration of antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing infection after caesarean section (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Myo‐inositol vs placebo Large‐for‐gestational age · pregnant women with gestational diabetes Dietary supplementation with myo‐inositol in women during pregnancy for treating gestational diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.02, 8.58] | 1 study · 73 participants | Low |
Myo‐inositol vs placebo Induction of labour · pregnant women with gestational diabetes Dietary supplementation with myo‐inositol in women during pregnancy for treating gestational diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Myo‐inositol vs placebo Perineal trauma · pregnant women with gestational diabetes Dietary supplementation with myo‐inositol in women during pregnancy for treating gestational diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Myo‐inositol vs placebo Postnatal weight retention/return to pre‐pregnancy weight · pregnant women with gestational diabetes Dietary supplementation with myo‐inositol in women during pregnancy for treating gestational diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Myo‐inositol vs placebo Postnatal depression · pregnant women with gestational diabetes Dietary supplementation with myo‐inositol in women during pregnancy for treating gestational diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Myo‐inositol vs placebo Development of subsequent type 2 diabetes mellitus · pregnant women with gestational diabetes Dietary supplementation with myo‐inositol in women during pregnancy for treating gestational diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Myo‐inositol vs placebo Perinatal mortality · pregnant women with gestational diabetes Dietary supplementation with myo‐inositol in women during pregnancy for treating gestational diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Myo‐inositol vs placebo Neonatal hypoglycaemia · pregnant women with gestational diabetes Dietary supplementation with myo‐inositol in women during pregnancy for treating gestational diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.05 [0, 0.85] | 1 study · 73 participants | Low |
Myo‐inositol vs placebo Composite outcome of serious neonatal outcomes · pregnant women with gestational diabetes Dietary supplementation with myo‐inositol in women during pregnancy for treating gestational diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Myo‐inositol vs placebo Childhood/adulthood adiposity · pregnant women with gestational diabetes Dietary supplementation with myo‐inositol in women during pregnancy for treating gestational diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Myo‐inositol vs placebo Childhood/adulthood diabetes · pregnant women with gestational diabetes Dietary supplementation with myo‐inositol in women during pregnancy for treating gestational diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Myo‐inositol vs placebo Neurosensory disability · pregnant women with gestational diabetes Dietary supplementation with myo‐inositol in women during pregnancy for treating gestational diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Myo‐inositol vs placebo Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy · pregnant women with gestational diabetes Dietary supplementation with myo‐inositol in women during pregnancy for treating gestational diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Myo‐inositol vs placebo Caesarean section · pregnant women with gestational diabetes Dietary supplementation with myo‐inositol in women during pregnancy for treating gestational diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |