Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

2,661 questions · 2,751 findings · 453 reviews

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No studies found 593 · 21.6%GRADE not reported 277 · 10.1%Very low 538 · 19.6%Low 712 · 25.9%Moderate 516 · 18.8%High 115 · 4.2%

Chondroitin with or without glucosamine vs placebo or control

Physical function · patients with osteoarthritis

1 finding from 1 review

Chondroitin for osteoarthritis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 1163 participants
Moderate

Chondroitin with or without glucosamine vs placebo or control

Composite Measure of Pain, Function and Disability as · patients with osteoarthritis

1 finding from 1 review

Chondroitin for osteoarthritis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
16 studies · 2334 participants
Moderate

Chondroitin vs placebo

Pain on a 0 to 100 scale ‐ Long‐term studies (≥ 6 months)—dose ≥ 800 mg/d · patients with osteoarthritis

1 finding from 1 review

Chondroitin for osteoarthritis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 989 participants
Low

Chondroitin vs placebo

WOMAC MCII Pain subscale (reduction in knee pain by 20%) ‐ Long‐term studies (≥ 6 months)—dose ≥ 800 mg/d · patients with osteoarthritis

Chondroitin leads to higher WOMAC MCII Pain subscale (reduction in knee pain by 20%) ‐ Long‐term… compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Chondroitin for osteoarthritis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.12 [1.01, 1.24]
2 studies · 1253 participants
High

Radiographic Outcome: Reduction in Minimum Joint Space Width (JSW) in mm ‐ Long‐term studies (≥ 6 months)—dose ≥ 800 mg/d Scale: millimeters (smaller decrease in reduction in minimum joint space width is better) · patients with osteoarthritis

1 finding from 1 review

Chondroitin for osteoarthritis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 922 participants
High

Chondroitin with or without glucosamine vs placebo or control

Pain (short‐ and long‐term) Scale from 0 to 100 mm (lower is better) · patients with osteoarthritis

1 finding from 1 review

Chondroitin for osteoarthritis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
17 studies · 2262 participants
Low

Chondroitin with or without glucosamine vs placebo or control

WOMAC MCII Pain subscale (reduction in knee pain by 20%) ‐ Long‐term studies (≥ 6 months)—dose ≥ 800 mg/d · patients with osteoarthritis

Chondroitin with or without glucosamine leads to higher WOMAC MCII Pain subscale (reduction in knee pain by 20%) Long‐term… compared with placebo/control (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Chondroitin for osteoarthritis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.12 [1.01, 1.24]
2 studies · 1253 participants
High

Cells vs no cells

All‐cause mortality ‐ long‐term · Anyone diagnosed with AMI

Cells showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality ‐ long‐term compared with no cells (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Stem cell treatment for acute myocardial infarction 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.93 [0.58, 1.5]
14 studies · 996 participants
Moderate

Cells vs no cells

Cardiovascular mortality · Anyone diagnosed with AMI

Cells showed no clear difference in cardiovascular mortality ‐ long‐term compared with no cells (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Stem cell treatment for acute myocardial infarction 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.04 [0.54, 1.99]
9 studies · 527 participants
Moderate

Cells vs no cells

Composite death, reinfarction and hospitalisation for heart failure ‐ long‐term · Anyone diagnosed with AMI

Cells showed no clear difference in composite death, reinfarction and hospitalisation for heart failure… compared with no cells (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Stem cell treatment for acute myocardial infarction 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.63 [0.36, 1.1]
6 studies · 497 participants
Moderate

Planned caesarean section vs planned vaginal birth

Longer‐term maternal outcomes: failure to breastfeed · women with a twin pregnancy

Planned caesarean section showed no clear difference in longer‐term maternal outcomes: failure to breastfeed compared with planned vaginal birth (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Planned caesarean section for women with a twin pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.14 [0.95, 1.38]
1 study · 2570 participants
Moderate

Planned caesarean section vs planned vaginal birth

Postnatal depression · women with a twin pregnancy

Planned caesarean section showed no clear difference in longer‐term maternal outcomes: postnatal depression, as defined by… compared with planned vaginal birth (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Planned caesarean section for women with a twin pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.78, 1.14]
1 study · 2570 participants
Moderate

High‐dose corticosteroids vs moderate‐dose or no corticosteroids

Survival (long term) Over two years · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (without peptic ulceration or infection; mixed prognosis)

High‐dose corticosteroids showed no clear difference in survival (long term) Over two years compared with moderate‐dose or no corticosteroids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.11 [0.24, 5.05]
1 study · 57 participants
Low

Early vs late tracheostomy

Has died · critically ill patients

Early probably leads to lower mortality at longest compared with late tracheostomy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early versus late tracheostomy for critically ill patients 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.83 [0.7, 0.98]
7 studies · 1903 participants
Moderate

Endoscopy vs surgery

Relief of pain · participants with painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis

Endoscopy probably leads to higher pain relief ‐ long‐term compared with surgery (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Endoscopic or surgical intervention for painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.56 [1.18, 2.05]
2 studies · 103 participants
Moderate

Endoscopy vs surgery

Quality of Life: SF‐36 (physical component) · participants with painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis

1 finding from 1 review

Endoscopic or surgical intervention for painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 31 participants
Moderate

Endoscopy vs surgery

Health‐related quality of life (mental) · participants with painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis

1 finding from 1 review

Endoscopic or surgical intervention for painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 31 participants
Moderate

Endoscopy vs surgery

Endocrine pancreatic insufficiency (new onset) ‐ long‐term · participants with painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis

Endoscopy showed no clear difference in endocrine pancreatic insufficiency (new onset) ‐ long‐term compared with surgery (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Endoscopic or surgical intervention for painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.92 [0.54, 1.55]
2 studies · 95 participants
Low

Endoscopy vs surgery

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (new onset) · participants with painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis

Endoscopy showed no clear difference in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (new onset) ‐ long‐term compared with surgery (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Endoscopic or surgical intervention for painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.5 [0.19, 1.33]
1 study · 10 participants
Moderate

Mortality: prone position vs supine

Longer‐term mortality (LTM)Alive or dead · adults with acute respiratory failure

Mortality: prone position showed no clear difference in longer‐term mortality (LTM)Alive or dead compared with supine (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prone position for acute respiratory failure in adults 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.86 [0.72, 1.03]
8 studies · 2141 participants
Low