What do systematic reviews say?

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in minor neonatal morbidity (high certainty).

• Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  High

Vitamin K antagonists vs no VKA

Vitamin K antagonist (VKA) showed no clear difference in minor bleeding (up to 3 months) compared with no VKA (low certainty).

• Anticoagulation for people with cancer and central venous catheters 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.69 [0.38, 1.26]
  2 studies · 1026 participants
  Low

Low molecular weight heparin vs vitamin K antagonist (VKA)

It is very uncertain whether low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH) changes minor bleeding (up to 3 months) compared with vitamin K antagonist (VKA) (very low certainty).

• Anticoagulation for people with cancer and central venous catheters 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.2, 4.61]
  1 study · 234 participants
  Very low

Low molecular weight heparin vs no LMWH

Low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH) showed no clear difference in minor bleeding (up to 3 months) compared with no LMWH (low certainty).

• Anticoagulation for people with cancer and central venous catheters 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.35 [0.62, 2.92]
  2 studies · 544 participants
  Low

Direct oral anticoagulant secondary prophylaxis vs vitamin K antagonist secondary prophylaxis

Direct oral anticoagulant secondary prophylaxis showed no clear difference in minor bleeding compared with vitamin K antagonist secondary prophylaxis (low certainty).

• Anticoagulation for the long‐term treatment of venous thromboembolism in people with cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.83 [0.57, 1.23]
  4 studies · 1055 participants
  Low

Direct oral anticoagulant secondary prophylaxis vs Low molecular weight heparin secondary prophylaxis

Direct oral anticoagulant secondary prophylaxis probably leads to higher minor bleeding compared with low molecular weight heparin secondary prophylaxis (moderate certainty).

• Anticoagulation for the long‐term treatment of venous thromboembolism in people with cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.58 [1.15, 2.16]
  5 studies · 2854 participants
  Moderate

Direct oral anticoagulant secondary prophylaxis vs Low molecular weight heparin secondary prophylaxis

It is very uncertain whether direct oral anticoagulant secondary prophylaxis changes minor GI bleeding compared with low molecular weight heparin secondary prophylaxis (very low certainty).

• Anticoagulation for the long‐term treatment of venous thromboembolism in people with cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.37 [0.41, 4.64]
  2 studies · 1495 participants
  Very low

Direct oral anticoagulant secondary prophylaxis vs Low molecular weight heparin secondary prophylaxis

It is very uncertain whether direct oral anticoagulant secondary prophylaxis changes minor upper GI bleeding compared with low molecular weight heparin secondary prophylaxis (very low certainty).

• Anticoagulation for the long‐term treatment of venous thromboembolism in people with cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.03 [0.04, 25.97]
  2 studies · 1495 participants
  Very low

Direct oral anticoagulant secondary prophylaxis vs Low molecular weight heparin secondary prophylaxis

Direct oral anticoagulant secondary prophylaxis showed no clear difference in minor lower GI bleeding compared with low molecular weight heparin secondary prophylaxis (low certainty).

• Anticoagulation for the long‐term treatment of venous thromboembolism in people with cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.54 [0.72, 3.27]
  2 studies · 1495 participants
  Low

Direct oral anticoagulant secondary prophylaxis vs Low molecular weight heparin secondary prophylaxis

Direct oral anticoagulant secondary prophylaxis probably leads to higher minor non‐GI bleeding compared with low molecular weight heparin secondary prophylaxis (moderate certainty).

• Anticoagulation for the long‐term treatment of venous thromboembolism in people with cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.37 [1.44, 3.89]
  2 studies · 1495 participants
  Moderate

Idraparinux secondary prophylaxis vs vitamin K antagonist secondary prophylaxis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Anticoagulation for the long‐term treatment of venous thromboembolism in people with cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Low molecular weight heparin vs vitamin K antagonist secondary prophylaxis

It is very uncertain whether low molecular weight heparin secondary prophylaxis changes minor bleeding (main analysis ‐ active cancer) compared with vitamin K antagonist secondary prophylaxis (very low certainty).

• Anticoagulation for the long‐term treatment of venous thromboembolism in people with cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.78 [0.47, 1.27]
  4 studies · 1712 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Vitamin D for the management of multiple sclerosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 701 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention leads to lower adeno carcinoma in situ (AIS) associated with HPV16/18 (high certainty).

• Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.36 [0.17, 0.78]
  2 studies · 34562 participants
  High

LMWH prophylaxis vs fondaparinux prophylaxis

LMWH prophylaxis showed no clear difference in minor Bleeding compared with fondaparinux prophylaxis (low certainty).

• Anticoagulation for perioperative thromboprophylaxis in people with cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.83 [0.34, 2.05]
  2 studies · 398 participants
  Low

LMWH prophylaxis vs UFH

LMWH prophylaxis showed no clear difference in minor bleeding compared with UFH prophylaxis (moderate certainty).

• Anticoagulation for perioperative thromboprophylaxis in people with cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.01 [0.76, 1.33]
  2 studies · 1194 participants
  Moderate

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Lower showed no clear difference in severe retinopathy of prematurity (≥ stage 3) compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

• Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.57 [0.24, 1.36]
  4 studies · 453 participants
  Low

NMES and exercise vs exercise (with or without sham NMES)

• Neuromuscular electrostimulation for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 144 participants
  Low

NMES vs usual care with or without sham interventions

NMES showed no clear difference in minor adverse events assessed: related to intervention only (e.g.… compared with usual care (with or without sham NMES) (low certainty).

• Neuromuscular electrostimulation for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RD 0
  5 studies · 139 participants
  Low

Chemotherapy vs gemcitabine

Various types of chemotherapy probably leads to lower overall survival ‐ FOLFIRINOX compared with gemcitabine (moderate certainty).

• Chemotherapy and radiotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.51 [0.43, 0.6]
  2 studies · 652 participants
  Moderate