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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Vitamin A plus iron plus folate vs iron plus folate Total fetal loss (including miscarriages or combined miscarriages and stillbirths) ‐ Vitamin A + iron + folate versus iron + folate · pregnant women Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.61, 1.66] | 3 studies · 1640 participants | Low |
Vitamin A plus iron plus folate vs iron plus folate Early or late miscarriage ‐ Vitamin A + iron + folate versus iron + folate · pregnant women Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.46, 1.62] | 2 studies · 1397 participants | Low |
Vitamin A plus iron plus folate vs iron plus folate Stillbirth ‐ Vitamin A + iron + folate versus iron + folate · pregnant women Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [0.57, 2.91] | 3 studies · 1640 participants | Low |
Vitamin A plus iron plus folate vs iron plus folate Any adverse effects · pregnant women Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Multivitamin plus iron plus folate vs iron plus folate Total fetal loss (including miscarriages or combined miscarriages and stillbirths) ‐ Multivitamins + iron + folic acid versus iron + folic acid · pregnant women Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.93, 1] | 10 studies · 94948 participants | High |
CSII vs MDI: maternal outcomes Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (including pre‐eclampsia, pregnancy‐induced hypertension, eclampsia) · pregnant women with diabetes Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
CSII vs MDI: infant outcomes Adiposity (infant) · infants of pregnant women with diabetes Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CSII vs MDI: infant outcomes Neurosensory disability · infants of pregnant women with diabetes Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CSII vs MDI: maternal outcomes Caesarean section · pregnant women with diabetes Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.66, 1.77] | 3 studies · 71 participants | Very low |
CSII vs MDI: maternal outcomes Development of Type 2 diabetes · pregnant women with diabetes Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
CSII vs MDI: maternal outcomes Perineal trauma · pregnant women with diabetes Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
CSII vs MDI: maternal outcomes Return to pre‐pregnancy weight · pregnant women with diabetes Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
CSII vs MDI: maternal outcomes Postnatal depression · pregnant women with diabetes Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
CSII vs MDI: maternal outcomes Induction of labour · pregnant women with diabetes Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
CSII vs MDI: infant outcomes Large‐for‐gestational age · infants of pregnant women with diabetes Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CSII vs MDI: infant outcomes Neonatal hypoglycaemia · infants of pregnant women with diabetes Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin A supplementation (200,000 to 400,000 IU) vs placebo or no treatment Maternal mortality · Postpartum women Vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women (2016) · Cochrane | HR 1.01 [0.44, 2.21] | 1 study · 8577 participants | Moderate |
Vitamin A supplementation (200,000 to 400,000 IU) vs placebo or no treatment Maternal morbidity (diarrhoea, respiratory infections, fever) · Postpartum women Vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Vitamin A supplementation (200,000 to 400,000 IU) vs placebo or no treatment Maternal adverse effects after administration: abdominal pain · Postpartum women Vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [0.95, 1.73] | 1 study · 786 participants | Low |
Vitamin A supplementation (200,000 to 400,000 IU) vs placebo or no treatment Maternal breast milk retinol concentration · Postpartum women Vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 837 participants | Low |
Vitamin A supplementation (200,000 to 400,000 IU) vs placebo or no treatment Infant mortality · Postpartum women Vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.77, 1.52] | 5 studies · 6090 participants | Low |
Vitamin A supplementation (200,000 to 400,000 IU) vs placebo or no treatment Infant morbidity (gastroenteritis) · Postpartum women Vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women (2016) · Cochrane | RR 6.03 [0.3, 121.82] | 1 study · 84 participants | Very low |
Vitamin A supplementation (200,000 to 400,000 IU) vs placebo or no treatment Infant adverse effects: bulging fontanelle · Postpartum women Vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2 [0.61, 6.55] | 1 study · 444 participants | Low |
Antenatal breastfeeding (BF) education vs standard care Initiation of BF · pregnant women Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.94, 1.9] | 8 studies · 3505 participants | High |
Antenatal breastfeeding (BF) education vs standard care Proportion of women exclusively BF at 3 months · pregnant women Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.9, 1.25] | 3 studies · 822 participants | Moderate |
Antenatal breastfeeding (BF) education vs standard care Proportion of women exclusively BF at 6 months · pregnant women Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.87, 1.3] | 4 studies · 2161 participants | Moderate |
Antenatal breastfeeding (BF) education vs standard care Proportion of women any BF at 3 months · pregnant women Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.82, 1.18] | 2 studies · 654 participants | Low |
Antenatal breastfeeding (BF) education vs standard care Proportion of women any BF at 6 months · pregnant women Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.9, 1.23] | 4 studies · 1636 participants | High |
Antenatal breastfeeding (BF) education vs standard care Breastfeeding complications · pregnant women Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2 participants | Moderate |
Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (artificial milk) vs exclusive breastfeeding Any breastfeeding at discharge · healthy breastfeeding full‐term infants Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full‐term infants (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.97, 1.08] | 1 study · 100 participants | Low |
Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (water or glucose water) vs exclusive breastfeeding Weight change (loss) (g) at 72 hours · healthy breastfeeding full‐term infants Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full‐term infants (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 170 participants | Very low |
Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (water or glucose water) vs exclusive breastfeeding Weight loss (%) day 3 (percentage of birthweight) · healthy breastfeeding full‐term infants Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full‐term infants (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 47 participants | Very low |
Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (water or glucose water) vs exclusive breastfeeding Weight loss (%) day 5 (percentage of birthweight) · healthy breastfeeding full‐term infants Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full‐term infants (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 47 participants | Very low |
Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (water or glucose water) vs exclusive breastfeeding Confidence in breastfeeding (maternal or of those influencing the mother) · healthy breastfeeding full‐term infants Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full‐term infants (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (foods) vs exclusive breastfeeding Duration of breastfeeding (at different time points) · healthy breastfeeding full‐term infants Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full‐term infants (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (foods) vs exclusive breastfeeding Fever (% of days) ‐ 4 to 6 months · healthy breastfeeding full‐term infants Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full‐term infants (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 119 participants | Low |
Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (foods) vs exclusive breastfeeding “Food allergy” to 1 or more foods between 1 to 3 years of age · healthy breastfeeding full‐term infants Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full‐term infants (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.51, 1.25] | 1 study · 1162 participants | Moderate |
Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (foods) vs exclusive breastfeeding Visible eczema at 12‐month visit stratified by visible eczema at enrolment · healthy breastfeeding full‐term infants Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full‐term infants (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.51, 1.44] | 1 study · 284 participants | Moderate |
Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (foods) vs exclusive breastfeeding Food protein enterocolitis syndrome positive response to challenge (number of children) · healthy breastfeeding full‐term infants Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full‐term infants (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2 [0.18, 22.04] | 1 study · 1303 participants | Moderate |
Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (foods) vs exclusive breastfeeding Weight change (gain) (g) ‐ 4 to 6 months · healthy breastfeeding full‐term infants Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full‐term infants (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 260 participants | Low |
Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (artificial milk) vs exclusive breastfeeding Any breastfeeding at 3 months · healthy breastfeeding full‐term infants Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full‐term infants (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [1.05, 1.41] | 2 studies · 137 participants | Low |
Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (foods) vs exclusive breastfeeding Weight change (z score) as standard deviations of an overall population distribution of infant weight gain at 4 ‐ 6 months · healthy breastfeeding full‐term infants Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full‐term infants (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 100 participants | Moderate |
Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (foods) vs exclusive breastfeeding Confidence in breastfeeding (maternal or of those influencing the mother) · healthy breastfeeding full‐term infants Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full‐term infants (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (artificial milk) vs exclusive breastfeeding Infant morbidity ‐ allergy symptoms ‐ Infants with allergy symptoms at 18 months of age · healthy breastfeeding full‐term infants Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full‐term infants (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.35, 0.91] | 1 study · 207 participants | Very low |
Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (artificial milk) vs exclusive breastfeeding Weight change · healthy breastfeeding full‐term infants Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full‐term infants (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (artificial milk) vs exclusive breastfeeding Maternal self‐confidence Modified breastfeeding self‐efficacy score at 1 week. Items rated on a scale from 1 (“Strongly Disagree”) to 5 (“Strongly Agree”), with positive scores associated with increased breastfeeding self‐efficacy. · healthy breastfeeding full‐term infants Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full‐term infants (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 39 participants | Low |
Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (water or glucose water) vs exclusive breastfeeding Any breastfeeding at 12 weeks · healthy breastfeeding full‐term infants Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full‐term infants (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.53, 0.87] | 1 study · 170 participants | Low |
Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (water or glucose water) vs exclusive breastfeeding Hypoglycaemia episodes at 12 hours of life (glycaemia < 2.2 mmol/L) · healthy breastfeeding full‐term infants Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full‐term infants (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.07 [0, 1.2] | 1 study · 170 participants | Very low |
Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (water or glucose water) vs exclusive breastfeeding Hypoglycaemia episodes at 24 hours of life (glycaemia < 2.2 mmol/L) · healthy breastfeeding full‐term infants Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full‐term infants (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.57 [0.27, 9.17] | 1 study · 170 participants | Very low |
Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (water or glucose water) vs exclusive breastfeeding Weight change (loss) (g) at 48 hours · healthy breastfeeding full‐term infants Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full‐term infants (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 170 participants | Low |