Cochrane · systematic review · CD006462
Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full‐term infants
Smith, HA, Becker, GE · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · 2016 · Cochrane Library
Pregnancy and ChildbirthAMSTAR 2: not assessed
SoF tableOnly the outcomes this review put in its Summary of Findings table are listed (the Cochrane Handbook caps them at about seven per comparison). Its other analyses are not shown here.
Questions
21
current version
GRADE rated
17
No studies
4
Included studies
NR
No studies 4 · 19%Ungraded 0 · 0%Very low 6 · 28.6%Low 7 · 33.3%Moderate 4 · 19%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
Questions and results
Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (artificial milk) versus exclusive breastfeeding
Population: healthy breastfeeding full‐term infants
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Any breastfeeding at discharge Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (artificial milk) vs exclusive breastfeeding | RR 1.02 [0.97, 1.08] | 1 study · 100 participants | Low |
Any breastfeeding at 3 months Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (artificial milk) vs exclusive breastfeeding | RR 1.21 [1.05, 1.41] | 2 studies · 137 participants | Low |
Infant morbidity ‐ allergy symptoms ‐ Infants with allergy symptoms at 18 months of age Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (artificial milk) vs exclusive breastfeeding | RR 0.56 [0.35, 0.91] | 1 study · 207 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Weight change Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (artificial milk) vs exclusive breastfeeding | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Maternal self‐confidence Modified breastfeeding self‐efficacy score at 1 week. Items rated on a scale from 1 (“Strongly Disagree”) to 5 (“Strongly Agree”), with positive scores associated with increased breastfeeding self‐efficacy. Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (artificial milk) vs exclusive breastfeeding | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 39 participants | Low |
Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (water or glucose water) versus exclusive breastfeeding
Population: healthy breastfeeding full‐term infants
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Any breastfeeding at 12 weeks Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (water or glucose water) vs exclusive breastfeeding | RR 0.68 [0.53, 0.87] | 1 study · 170 participants | Low Downgraded: risk of bias |
Hypoglycaemia episodes at 12 hours of life (glycaemia < 2.2 mmol/L) Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (water or glucose water) vs exclusive breastfeeding | RR 0.07 [0, 1.2] | 1 study · 170 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias |
Hypoglycaemia episodes at 24 hours of life (glycaemia < 2.2 mmol/L) Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (water or glucose water) vs exclusive breastfeeding | RR 1.57 [0.27, 9.17] | 1 study · 170 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias |
Weight change (loss) (g) at 48 hours Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (water or glucose water) vs exclusive breastfeeding | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 170 participants | Low Downgraded: risk of bias |
Weight change (loss) (g) at 72 hours Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (water or glucose water) vs exclusive breastfeeding | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 170 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias |
Weight loss (%) day 3 (percentage of birthweight) Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (water or glucose water) vs exclusive breastfeeding | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 47 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias |
Weight loss (%) day 5 (percentage of birthweight) Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (water or glucose water) vs exclusive breastfeeding | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 47 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias |
Confidence in breastfeeding (maternal or of those influencing the mother) Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (water or glucose water) vs exclusive breastfeeding | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (foods) versus exclusive breastfeeding
Population: healthy breastfeeding full‐term infants
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Duration of breastfeeding (at different time points) Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (foods) vs exclusive breastfeeding | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fever (% of days) ‐ 4 to 6 months Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (foods) vs exclusive breastfeeding | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 119 participants | Low Downgraded: risk of bias |
“Food allergy” to 1 or more foods between 1 to 3 years of age Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (foods) vs exclusive breastfeeding | RR 0.8 [0.51, 1.25] | 1 study · 1162 participants | Moderate Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Visible eczema at 12‐month visit stratified by visible eczema at enrolment Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (foods) vs exclusive breastfeeding | RR 0.86 [0.51, 1.44] | 1 study · 284 participants | Moderate Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Food protein enterocolitis syndrome positive response to challenge (number of children) Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (foods) vs exclusive breastfeeding | RR 2 [0.18, 22.04] | 1 study · 1303 participants | Moderate Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Weight change (gain) (g) ‐ 4 to 6 months Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (foods) vs exclusive breastfeeding | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 260 participants | Low Downgraded: risk of bias |
Weight change (z score) as standard deviations of an overall population distribution of infant weight gain at 4 ‐ 6 months Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (foods) vs exclusive breastfeeding | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 100 participants | Moderate Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Confidence in breastfeeding (maternal or of those influencing the mother) Non‐exclusive breastfeeding (foods) vs exclusive breastfeeding | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |