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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

Comparison

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Review versions

430 questions in 68 reviews · Tobacco Addiction

current versions

No studies 26 · 6%Ungraded 12 · 2.8%Very low 116 · 27%Low 159 · 37%Moderate 87 · 20.2%High 30 · 7%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Efficacy and safety of a first dose of whole‐cell pertussis vaccine vs a first dose of acellular pertussis vaccine Cumulative incidence of atopic disease at 2.5 years old · infants younger than six months of age Whole‐cell pertussis vaccine in early infancy for the prevention of allergy in children (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 497 participants	Very low
Efficacy and safety of a first dose of whole‐cell pertussis vaccine vs a first dose of acellular pertussis vaccine Diagnosis of IgE‐mediated food allergy · infants younger than six months of age Whole‐cell pertussis vaccine in early infancy for the prevention of allergy in children (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 participants	Ungraded
Efficacy and safety of a first dose of whole‐cell pertussis vaccine vs a first dose of acellular pertussis vaccine Diagnosis of asthma · infants younger than six months of age Whole‐cell pertussis vaccine in early infancy for the prevention of allergy in children (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 497 participants	Very low
Efficacy and safety of a first dose of whole‐cell pertussis vaccine vs a first dose of acellular pertussis vaccine Diagnosis of anaphylaxis (not vaccine associated) · infants younger than six months of age Whole‐cell pertussis vaccine in early infancy for the prevention of allergy in children (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Efficacy and safety of a first dose of whole‐cell pertussis vaccine vs a first dose of acellular pertussis vaccine All‐cause serious adverse events · infants younger than six months of age Whole‐cell pertussis vaccine in early infancy for the prevention of allergy in children (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.94 [0.78, 1.15]	15 studies · 38072 participants	Moderate
Efficacy and safety of a first dose of whole‐cell pertussis vaccine vs a first dose of acellular pertussis vaccine Diagnosis of encephalopathy · infants younger than six months of age Whole‐cell pertussis vaccine in early infancy for the prevention of allergy in children (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	7 studies · 115271 participants	Low
Nicotine replacement therapy vs control Biochemically validated smoking cessation at the latest point in pregnancy (20 weeks' gestation or more) · pregnant women who smoke Pharmacological interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.37 [1.08, 1.74]	9 studies · 2336 participants	Low
Nicotine replacement therapy vs control Mean birthweight (g) · pregnant women who smoke Pharmacological interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane	MD 99.73	7 studies · 2202 participants	Low
Nicotine replacement therapy vs control Miscarriage and spontaneous abortion · pregnant women who smoke Pharmacological interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.6 [0.53, 4.83]	5 studies · 1916 participants	Low
Bupropion vs control Biochemically validated smoking cessation at the latest point in pregnancy (20 weeks' gestation or more) · pregnant women who smoke Pharmacological interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.74 [0.21, 2.64]	2 studies · 76 participants	Low
Bupropion vs control Mean birthweight (g) · pregnant women who smoke Pharmacological interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane	MD 122.64	2 studies · 68 participants	Low
Bupropion vs control Miscarriage and spontaneous abortion · pregnant women who smoke Pharmacological interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Smoking abstinence · people experiencing homelessness Interventions to reduce tobacco use in people experiencing homelessness (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.67 [0.16, 2.77]	2 studies · 120 participants	Low
More vs less intensive behavioral smoking cessation support Smoking abstinence · people experiencing homelessness Interventions to reduce tobacco use in people experiencing homelessness (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.64 [1.01, 2.69]	3 studies · 657 participants	Very low
Multi‐issue support vs smoking cessation support only Smoking abstinence · people experiencing homelessness Interventions to reduce tobacco use in people experiencing homelessness (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.95 [0.35, 2.61]	2 studies · 146 participants	Very low
Hypnotherapy vs behavioural treatments or no treatment Hypnotherapy versus attention‐matched behavioural treatments Smoking cessation at 6+ months · people who smoke Hypnotherapy for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.21 [0.91, 1.61]	6 studies · 957 participants	Low
Hypnotherapy vs behavioural treatments or no treatment Hypnotherapy versus brief attention/advice/smoking cessation education (not matched for contact time) Smoking cessation at 6+ months · people who smoke Hypnotherapy for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.98 [0.57, 1.69]	2 studies · 269 participants	Very low
Hypnotherapy vs behavioural treatments or no treatment Hypnotherapy versus intensive behavioural interventions (not matched for contact time) Smoking cessation at 6+ months · people who smoke Hypnotherapy for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.93 [0.47, 1.82]	2 studies · 211 participants	Very low
Hypnotherapy vs behavioural treatments or no treatment Hypnotherapy versus no treatment Smoking cessation at 6+ months · people who smoke Hypnotherapy for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 19 [1.18, 305.88]	1 study · 40 participants	Very low
Print‐based self‐help vs no materials Abstinence ‐ non‐tailored self‐help · people who smoke; not selected for interest in quitting smoking Print‐based self‐help interventions for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.19 [1.03, 1.37]	11 studies · 13241 participants	Moderate
Print‐based self‐help vs no materials Abstinence ‐ individually tailored self‐help · people who smoke; not selected for interest in quitting smoking Print‐based self‐help interventions for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.34 [1.19, 1.51]	10 studies · 14359 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Smoking abstinence at longest · People who smoke or who have recently quit Exercise interventions for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.08 [0.96, 1.22]	21 studies · 6607 participants	Low
Intervention NR Relapse prevention at longest · People who smoke or who have recently quit Exercise interventions for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.98 [0.65, 1.47]	2 studies · 453 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Smoking cessation Self‐reported abstinence (majority) · callers to quitlines Telephone counselling for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.38 [1.19, 1.61]	14 studies · 32484 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Smoking cessation Self‐reported abstinence (majority) · smokers not calling quitlines Telephone counselling for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.25 [1.15, 1.35]	65 studies · 41233 participants	Moderate
Community pharmacy personnel interventions vs standard care or less intensive support Smoking cessation · people who smoke who were motivated to change their smoking behavior Community pharmacy personnel interventions for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 2.3 [1.33, 3.97]	6 studies · 1614 participants	Low
Intervention NR Smoking cessation · people who have quit smoking using a cessation intervention Relapse prevention interventions for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.98 [0.87, 1.11]	11 studies · 5523 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR NRT versus placebo Smoking cessation · people who have quit smoking using a cessation intervention Relapse prevention interventions for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.04 [0.77, 1.4]	2 studies · 553 participants	Low
Intervention NR Bupropion versus placebo Smoking cessation · people who have quit smoking using a cessation intervention Relapse prevention interventions for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.15 [0.98, 1.35]	6 studies · 1697 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Combination NRT & bupropion versus placebo Smoking cessation · people who have quit smoking using a cessation intervention Relapse prevention interventions for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.18 [0.75, 1.87]	2 studies · 243 participants	Low
Intervention NR Varenicline versus placebo Smoking cessation · people who have quit smoking using a cessation intervention Relapse prevention interventions for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.23 [1.08, 1.41]	2 studies · 1297 participants	Moderate
Incentives vs no incentives Smoking cessation in mixed populations ‐ Longest · s Incentives for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.49 [1.28, 1.73]	30 studies · 21627 participants	High
Incentives vs no incentives Smoking cessation in pregnancy at longest · Pregnant women who smoke Incentives for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 2.38 [1.54, 3.69]	9 studies · 2273 participants	Moderate
Biomedical risk assessment vs standard care or minimal intervention Feedback on smoking exposure Smoking cessation at longest · people who smoke Biomedical risk assessment as an aid for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1 [0.83, 1.21]	5 studies · 2368 participants	Moderate
Biomedical risk assessment vs standard care or minimal intervention Feedback on smoking‐related risk Smoking cessation at longest · people who smoke Biomedical risk assessment as an aid for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.8 [0.63, 1.01]	5 studies · 2064 participants	Low
Biomedical risk assessment vs standard care or minimal intervention Feedback on smoking‐related harm Smoking cessation at longest · people who smoke Biomedical risk assessment as an aid for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.26 [0.99, 1.61]	11 studies · 3314 participants	Moderate
Text messaging vs minimal support Long‐term abstinence (all randomised) · people who smoke Mobile phone text messaging and app‐based interventions for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.54 [1.19, 2]	13 studies · 14133 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Long‐term abstinence (all randomised) Measured as self‐reported and biochemical validation at 6 to 12 months · people who smoke Mobile phone text messaging and app‐based interventions for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.59 [1.09, 2.33]	4 studies · 997 participants	Moderate
Smartphone app vs lower‐intensity support Long‐term abstinence (all randomised) · people who smoke Mobile phone text messaging and app‐based interventions for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1 [0.66, 1.52]	5 studies · 3079 participants	Very low
Motivational interviewing vs no treatment Smoking cessation at ≥ 6 months · tobacco smokers (adolescents, university students, adult primary care patients) Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.84 [0.63, 1.12]	4 studies · 684 participants	Low
Intervention NR Smoking cessation at ≥ 6 months · tobacco smokers (general population, low income, inpatients and outpatients with mixed diagnoses) Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.07 [0.85, 1.36]	12 studies · 4167 participants	Low
Motivational interviewing vs another smoking cessation intervention Smoking cessation at ≥ 6 months · tobacco smokers (general population, adolescents, offenders, homeless, substance users, hospital inpatients,… Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.24 [0.91, 1.69]	19 studies · 5192 participants	Low
Higher vs lower intensity motivational interviewing Smoking cessation at ≥ 6 months · tobacco smokers (general population, hospital inpatients with mixed diagnoses) Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.23 [1.11, 1.37]	5 studies · 5620 participants	Low
Interventions to increase adherence vs standard care Adherence to medications for tobacco dependence · adult smokers Interventions to increase adherence to medications for tobacco dependence (2019) · Cochrane	SMD 0.1 [0.03, 0.18]	10 studies · 3655 participants	Moderate
Interventions to increase adherence vs standard care Short‐term abstinence from smoking (< 6 months) · adult smokers Interventions to increase adherence to medications for tobacco dependence (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.08 [0.96, 1.21]	5 studies · 1795 participants	Low
Interventions to increase adherence vs standard care Long‐term abstinence from smoking (≥ 6 months) · adult smokers Interventions to increase adherence to medications for tobacco dependence (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.16 [0.96, 1.4]	5 studies · 3593 participants	Low
Intervention NR Smoking cessation at longest · People using smoking cessation pharmacotherapy Additional behavioural support as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.15 [1.08, 1.22]	65 studies · 23331 participants	High
Real‐time video counselling vs telephone counselling Smoking cessation (strictest definition and longest · smokers Real‐time video counselling for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 2.15 [0.38, 12.04]	608 participants	Very low
Smoking cessation intervention vs no intervention Smoking cessation: 6‐month · people with rheumatoid arthritis Smoking cessation intervention for reducing disease activity in chronic autoimmune inflammatory joint diseases (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 57 participants	Very low
Reduction to quit vs abrupt quitting Smoking cessation (≥ 6‐month · people who smoke Smoking reduction interventions for smoking cessation (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.01 [0.87, 1.17]	22 studies · 9219 participants	Moderate