Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
806 questions in 76 reviews · ENT
current versionsNo studies 293 · 36.4%Ungraded 6 · 0.7%Very low 244 · 30.3%Low 170 · 21.1%Moderate 85 · 10.5%High 8 · 1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Antihistamines vs scopolamine Proportion of susceptible participants who did not experience any motion sickness symptoms under natural conditions Assessed by: self‐reported questionnaires6,7 · patients with motion sickness Antihistamines for motion sickness (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.68, 1.16] | 2 studies · 71 participants | Very low |
Ginkgo biloba vs placebo Tinnitus symptom severity · adults with tinnitus Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 85 participants | Very low |
Gingko biloba with concurrent intervention vs concurrent intervention only Other adverse effects (gastrointestinal upset, headache, allergic reaction) · adults with tinnitus Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Ginkgo biloba vs placebo Serious adverse effects (bleeding or seizures) Yes or no · adults with tinnitus Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1154 participants | Low |
Ginkgo biloba vs placebo Tinnitus loudness · adults with tinnitus Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 73 participants | Very low |
Ginkgo biloba vs placebo Health‐related quality of life · adults with tinnitus Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Ginkgo biloba vs placebo Other adverse effects (gastrointestinal upset, headache, allergic reaction) Yes or no · adults with tinnitus Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.52, 1.6] | 4 studies · 1175 participants | Low |
Gingko biloba with concurrent intervention vs concurrent intervention only Tinnitus symptom severity · adults with tinnitus Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Gingko biloba with concurrent intervention vs concurrent intervention only Serious adverse effects (bleeding or seizures) · adults with tinnitus Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Gingko biloba with concurrent intervention vs concurrent intervention only Tinnitus loudness · adults with tinnitus Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Gingko biloba with concurrent intervention vs concurrent intervention only Health‐related quality of life · adults with tinnitus Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Systemic corticosteroids plus intranasal steroid/mucolytic/decongestant vs no intervention Psychophysical testing for recovery of sense of smell · adults with olfactory dysfunction for ≥ 4 weeks following COVID‐19 infection Interventions for the treatment of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | RR 11 [0.7, 173.66] | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin vs no intervention Serious adverse events · adults with olfactory dysfunction for ≥ 4 weeks following COVID‐19 infection Interventions for the treatment of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 12 participants | Very low |
Palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin vs no intervention Change in sense of smell (as · adults with olfactory dysfunction for ≥ 4 weeks following COVID‐19 infection Interventions for the treatment of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 12 participants | Very low |
Palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin vs no intervention Generic quality of life · adults with olfactory dysfunction for ≥ 4 weeks following COVID‐19 infection Interventions for the treatment of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin vs no intervention Presence of parosmia · adults with olfactory dysfunction for ≥ 4 weeks following COVID‐19 infection Interventions for the treatment of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin vs no intervention Other adverse outcomes · adults with olfactory dysfunction for ≥ 4 weeks following COVID‐19 infection Interventions for the treatment of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 12 participants | Very low |
Systemic corticosteroids plus intranasal steroid/mucolytic/decongestant vs no intervention Disease‐related quality of life · adults with olfactory dysfunction for ≥ 4 weeks following COVID‐19 infection Interventions for the treatment of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Systemic corticosteroids plus intranasal steroid/mucolytic/decongestant vs no intervention Serious adverse events · adults with olfactory dysfunction for ≥ 4 weeks following COVID‐19 infection Interventions for the treatment of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Systemic corticosteroids plus intranasal steroid/mucolytic/decongestant vs no intervention Psychophysical testing for change in sense of smell · adults with olfactory dysfunction for ≥ 4 weeks following COVID‐19 infection Interventions for the treatment of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Systemic corticosteroids plus intranasal steroid/mucolytic/decongestant vs no intervention Generic quality of life · adults with olfactory dysfunction for ≥ 4 weeks following COVID‐19 infection Interventions for the treatment of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Systemic corticosteroids plus intranasal steroid/mucolytic/decongestant vs no intervention Presence of parosmia · adults with olfactory dysfunction for ≥ 4 weeks following COVID‐19 infection Interventions for the treatment of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Systemic corticosteroids plus intranasal steroid/mucolytic/decongestant vs no intervention Other adverse outcomes · adults with olfactory dysfunction for ≥ 4 weeks following COVID‐19 infection Interventions for the treatment of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin vs no intervention Recovery of sense of smell (as · adults with olfactory dysfunction for ≥ 4 weeks following COVID‐19 infection Interventions for the treatment of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.24 [0.03, 1.67] | 1 study · 12 participants | Very low |
Palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin vs no intervention Disease‐related quality of life · adults with olfactory dysfunction for ≥ 4 weeks following COVID‐19 infection Interventions for the treatment of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intranasal steroid spray vs no intervention/placebo Presence of normal olfactory function Assessed by participants as a score of 10 on a VAS (range 0 to 10) ≤ 4 weeks · people with olfactory dysfunction for less than 4 weeks following COVID‐19 infection Interventions for the prevention of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.85, 1.68] | 1 study · 100 participants | Very low |
Intranasal steroid spray vs no intervention/placebo Other adverse effects · people with olfactory dysfunction for less than 4 weeks following COVID‐19 infection Interventions for the prevention of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 77 participants | Very low |
Intranasal steroid drops vs placebo Presence of normal olfactory function Assessed by participants > 4 weeks to 3 months · participants with olfactory dysfunction following COVID‐19 for ≤ 15 days Interventions for the prevention of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.89, 1.11] | 1 study · 248 participants | Low |
Intranasal steroid drops vs placebo Serious adverse effects · participants with olfactory dysfunction following COVID‐19 for ≤ 15 days Interventions for the prevention of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intranasal steroid drops vs placebo Change in sense of smell · participants with olfactory dysfunction following COVID‐19 for ≤ 15 days Interventions for the prevention of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intranasal steroid drops vs placebo Prevalence of parosmia · participants with olfactory dysfunction following COVID‐19 for ≤ 15 days Interventions for the prevention of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intranasal steroid drops vs placebo Change in sense of taste · participants with olfactory dysfunction following COVID‐19 for ≤ 15 days Interventions for the prevention of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intranasal steroid drops vs placebo Disease‐related quality of life · participants with olfactory dysfunction following COVID‐19 for ≤ 15 days Interventions for the prevention of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intranasal steroid drops vs placebo Other adverse effects · participants with olfactory dysfunction following COVID‐19 for ≤ 15 days Interventions for the prevention of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intranasal steroid spray vs no intervention/placebo Presence of normal olfactory function · people with olfactory dysfunction for less than 4 weeks following COVID‐19 infection Interventions for the prevention of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.31 [1.16, 4.64] | 1 study · 77 participants | Very low |
Intranasal steroid spray vs no intervention/placebo Serious adverse events · people with olfactory dysfunction for less than 4 weeks following COVID‐19 infection Interventions for the prevention of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 77 participants | Very low |
Intranasal steroid spray vs no intervention/placebo Change in sense of smell Assessed by participants (VAS, higher score = better, range 0 to 10) ≤ 4 weeks · people with olfactory dysfunction for less than 4 weeks following COVID‐19 infection Interventions for the prevention of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 77 participants | Very low |
Intranasal steroid spray vs no intervention/placebo Change in sense of smell Assessed by participants (VAS, higher score = better, scale 0 to 10) > 4 weeks to 3 months · people with olfactory dysfunction for less than 4 weeks following COVID‐19 infection Interventions for the prevention of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 100 participants | Very low |
Intranasal steroid spray vs no intervention/placebo Change in sense of smell · people with olfactory dysfunction for less than 4 weeks following COVID‐19 infection Interventions for the prevention of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 77 participants | Low |
Intranasal steroid spray vs no intervention/placebo Prevalence of parosmia · people with olfactory dysfunction for less than 4 weeks following COVID‐19 infection Interventions for the prevention of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intranasal steroid spray vs no intervention/placebo Change in sense of taste · people with olfactory dysfunction for less than 4 weeks following COVID‐19 infection Interventions for the prevention of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intranasal steroid spray vs no intervention/placebo Disease‐related quality of life · people with olfactory dysfunction for less than 4 weeks following COVID‐19 infection Interventions for the prevention of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Clotrimazole vs another azole Complete clinical resolution · patients with otomycosis Topical azole treatments for otomycosis (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.59, 1.07] | 3 studies · 439 participants | Very low |
Clotrimazole vs another azole Significant adverse events · patients with otomycosis Topical azole treatments for otomycosis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 174 participants | Very low |
Clotrimazole vs another azole Mycological resolution · patients with otomycosis Topical azole treatments for otomycosis (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.96, 1.06] | 1 study · 174 participants | Low |
Clotrimazole vs another azole Other adverse events · patients with otomycosis Topical azole treatments for otomycosis (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.18, 3.41] | 1 study · 174 participants | Very low |
Systemic antibiotics vs no treatment/placebo Resolution of ear discharge ‐ measured at 1 to 2 weeks · children with CSOM Systemic antibiotics for chronic suppurative otitis media (2021) · Cochrane | RR 8.47 [1.88, 38.21] | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Systemic antibiotics vs no treatment or placebo on top of topical antibiotics Health‐related quality of life · people (of any age) with CSOM Systemic antibiotics for chronic suppurative otitis media (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Systemic antibiotics vs no treatment or placebo on top of topical antibiotics Ear pain (otalgia) or discomfort or local irritation ‐ measured at 1 week · people (of any age) with CSOM Systemic antibiotics for chronic suppurative otitis media (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.21, 4.72] | 1 study · 100 participants | Very low |
Systemic antibiotics vs no treatment or placebo on top of topical antibiotics Hearing · people (of any age) with CSOM Systemic antibiotics for chronic suppurative otitis media (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |