Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

331 questions · 353 findings · 56 reviews

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No studies found 41 · 11.6%GRADE not reported 74 · 21%Very low 128 · 36.3%Low 66 · 18.7%Moderate 32 · 9.1%High 12 · 3.4%

IV cyclophosphamide vs IV dexamethasone and oral cyclophosphamide

Treatment response at 18 months ‐ Sustained remission/steroid sensitive relapses Clinical assessment · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children

IV cyclophosphamide showed no clear difference in treatment response at 18 months: sustained… compared with oral cyclophosphamide plus IV dexamethasone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.13 [0.65, 1.96]
1 study · 49 participants
Low

Physical exercise training vs usual care

Timed up‐and‐down stairs test stopwatch · children and young adults during and after treatment for childhood cancer

1 finding from 1 review

Physical exercise training interventions for children and young adults during and after treatment for childhood cancer 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 68 participants
Very low

Fluoride mouthrinse (any fluoride agent, concentration, volume, frequency or technique; swished and expectorated, not swallowed) vs placebo or no treatment

Tooth staining/discolouration (adverse effect) · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or less

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride mouthrinses for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
At least 1 year/school year
Study 1: "significant difference" in stain score (from the control) in the group using an amine fluoride mouthrinse; "non-significant difference" (from the control) in the group using sodium fluoride. In 2 trials where…
3 studies
Very low

Chlorhexidine varnish vs placebo or no treatment

Adverse events (e.g. ulcers, tooth staining) · Children and adolescents below 18 years at study start (included studies: children from birth to 15 years), with mixed, permanent or…

1 finding from 1 review

Chlorhexidine treatment for the prevention of dental caries in children and adolescents 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
One study reported no adverse events for ulcers or tooth staining. One study stated "side-effects due to the CHX treatment were not noted".
2 studies
GRADE not reported

Fluoride gel (topically applied; operator- or self-applied; any fluoride agent/concentration; frequency at least once a year) vs placebo or no treatment

Staining · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or less

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride gels for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
None of the studies reported on staining of tooth surfaces (not even Gisselsson 1999, the only trial testing stannous fluoride).
0 studies
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Health‐related quality of life (cough‐specific) Leicester Cough Questionnaire Scale from 0 to 133; higher score indicates better HRQoL. Contains 19 questions from 3 domains on a Likert scale · individuals with stable bronchiectasis

1 finding from 1 review

Airway clearance techniques for bronchiectasis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 20 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Health‐related quality of life (health status) COPD Assessment Tool. Scale from 0 to 5; higher score indicates worse HRQoL Contains 10 questions with 5‐point Likert scale · individuals with stable bronchiectasis

The intervention showed no clear difference in health‐related quality of life (health status) COPD Assessment Tool.… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Airway clearance techniques for bronchiectasis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 30 participants
Low

BoNT‐A/OT vs OT only

Goal attainment Goal Attainment Scaling3. Scale from: 20 to 80. · children with cerebral palsy

1 finding from 1 review

Botulinum toxin A as an adjunct to treatment in the management of the upper limb in children with spastic cerebral… 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 152 participants
High

BoNT‐A/OT vs BoNT‐A only

Goal attainment Goal Attainment Scaling3. Scale from: 20 to 80. · patients with children with cerebral palsy

1 finding from 1 review

Botulinum toxin A as an adjunct to treatment in the management of the upper limb in children with spastic cerebral… 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 39 participants
High

BoNT‐A/OT vs placebo/no treatment

Goal attainment Goal Attainment Scaling3. Scale from: 20 to 80. · children with cerebral palsy

1 finding from 1 review

Botulinum toxin A as an adjunct to treatment in the management of the upper limb in children with spastic cerebral… 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 33 participants
High

BoNT‐A vs OT only

Goal attainment Goal Attainment Scaling3. Scale from: 20 to 80. · children with cerebral palsy

1 finding from 1 review

Botulinum toxin A as an adjunct to treatment in the management of the upper limb in children with spastic cerebral… 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 36 participants
Moderate

High dose BoNT‐A vs Low dose BoNT‐A

Goal attainment Goal Attainment Scaling3. Scale from: 20 to 80. · children with cerebral palsy

1 finding from 1 review

Botulinum toxin A as an adjunct to treatment in the management of the upper limb in children with spastic cerebral… 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 1 participants
GRADE not reported

BoNT‐A vs placebo/no treatment

Goal attainment Goal Attainment Scaling3. Scale from: 20 to 80. · children with cerebral palsy

1 finding from 1 review

Botulinum toxin A as an adjunct to treatment in the management of the upper limb in children with spastic cerebral… 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 32 participants
Moderate

LHWs vs usual care

Morbidity e.g. fever, diarrhoea, ARI Verbal reports obtained during home visits, record reviews · patients with reducing mortality and morbidity in children <5 years

LHWs may leads to lower morbidity e.g. fever, diarrhoea, ARI Verbal reports obtained during… compared with usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lay health workers in primary and community health care for maternal and child health and the management of infectious… 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.86 [0.75, 0.99]
7 studies · 17408 participants
Low

Fluoride mouthrinse, gel or varnish combined with fluoride toothpaste (any combined regimen) vs Fluoride toothpaste alone

Adverse effects (tooth staining and other side effects) · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or less

1 finding from 1 review

Combinations of topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels, varnishes) versus single topical fluoride for… 2004 · Cochrane All outcomes
Adverse-effect data scarcely reported: a stain score in one trial and 'any side effects' in one trial without complete or useable data (stated 'no side effects observed in both groups'). No useful information on tooth…
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported

Direct resin composite veneer vs Indirect resin composite veneer

Colour match (aesthetic achievement) · Patients with permanent anterior teeth with intrinsic staining suitable for laminate veneer restorations

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Direct versus indirect veneer restorations for intrinsic dental stains 2004 · Cochrane All outcomes
Planned outcome; colour match was not reported by the single included trial (Meijering 1998).
0 studies
No studies found

Fluoride toothpaste vs Non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste

Acquiring extrinsic tooth staining (adverse effect; stannous fluoride toothpaste) · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or less

Fluoride toothpaste led to higher acquiring extrinsic tooth staining (adverse effect; stannous… compared with placebo (non-fluoride) toothpaste; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents 2003 · Cochrane All outcomes
At least 1 year
RD 0.24 [0.19, 0.30]
5 studies · 3948 participants
GRADE not reported

NaoMaiTai vs Western medicine

Cognitive function · People with vascular dementia

3 findings from 1 review

Traditional Chinese herbal medicine for vascular dementia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 289 participants
Moderate
Traditional Chinese herbal medicine for vascular dementia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Traditional Chinese herbal medicine for vascular dementia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NaoMaiTai vs Western medicine

Global performance (improved) ‐ not measured · People with vascular dementia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Traditional Chinese herbal medicine for vascular dementia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NaoMaiTai vs Western medicine

Adverse events (AEs) (1 or more events) · People with vascular dementia

It is very uncertain whether naoMaiTai changes adverse events (AEs) (1 or more events) compared with western medicine (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Traditional Chinese herbal medicine for vascular dementia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RD 0.02
4 studies · 277 participants
Very low