Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

185 questions · 222 findings · 37 reviews · Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care

No studies found 32 · 14.4%GRADE not reported 12 · 5.4%Very low 74 · 33.3%Low 56 · 25.2%Moderate 42 · 18.9%High 6 · 2.7%

tDCS vs sham

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · adults with chronic pain

It is very uncertain whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) changes pain intensity (0 to < 1 week postintervention) measured using… compared with sham (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Methadone vs morphine

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · people with cancer pain

Methadone may leads to higher participant‐reported pain intensity compared with morphine (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Number of participants with self‐reported pain intensity reduction of at least 50% from baseline · adults undergoing open heart surgery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Number of participants with self‐reported pain intensity reduction of at least 50% from baseline · adults undergoing open heart surgery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Number of participants below 30/100 mm on the visual analogue scale (VAS) in self‐reported postoperative pain intensity · adults undergoing open heart surgery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Number of participants below 30/100 mm on the visual analogue scale (VAS) in self‐reported postoperative pain intensity · adults undergoing open heart surgery

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes number of participants below 30/100 mm on the visual analogue scale… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review