What do systematic reviews say?

Lifestyle vs control ‐ Neonatal and later outcomes

Lifestyle probably leads to lower large‐for‐gestational age compared with control ‐ Neonatal and later outcomes (moderate certainty).

• Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.6 [0.5, 0.71]
  6 studies · 2994 participants
  Moderate

Pyridoxine vs placebo

Pyridoxine showed no clear difference in interventions side effects: dizziness compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.67 [0.85, 3.26]
  1 study · 66 participants
  Low

Pyridoxine vs placebo

Pyridoxine showed no clear difference in interventions side effects: headaches compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.33 [0.52, 3.42]
  1 study · 66 participants
  Low

Pyridoxine vs placebo

Pyridoxine showed no clear difference in interventions side effects: diarrhoea compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3 [0.13, 71.07]
  1 study · 66 participants
  GRADE not reported

Pyridoxine vs placebo

Pyridoxine showed no clear difference in interventions side effects: palpitations compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.22, 4.6]
  1 study · 66 participants
  Low

Pyridoxine vs placebo

Pyridoxine showed no clear difference in interventions side effects: dry mouth compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.49, 1.38]
  1 study · 66 participants
  Low

One intervention vs no intervention

• Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Lanolin vs all‐purpose nipple ointment

• Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 150 participants
  Moderate

5‐HT3 antagonists vs placebo

5‐HT3 antagonists may leads to lower nausea ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.55 [0.42, 0.71]
  12 studies · 1419 participants
  Low
• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.4 [0.3, 0.54]
  10 studies · 1340 participants
  Moderate

Corticosteroids vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether corticosteroids changes vomiting ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.52 [0.31, 0.87]
  6 studies · 609 participants
  Very low

Corticosteroids vs placebo

Corticosteroids probably leads to lower nausea ‐ postoperative compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.59 [0.49, 0.73]
  6 studies · 733 participants
  Moderate
• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.56 [0.37, 0.83]
  6 studies · 609 participants
  Very low

Corticosteroids vs placebo

Corticosteroids may leads to lower vomiting ‐ postoperative compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.68 [0.49, 0.95]
  7 studies · 793 participants
  Low

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

Anticholinergics may leads to lower nausea ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.67 [0.51, 0.87]
  4 studies · 453 participants
  Low
• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether anticholinergics changes vomiting ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.79 [0.4, 1.54]
  4 studies · 453 participants
  Very low

5‐HT3 antagonists vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether 5‐HT3 antagonists changes vomiting ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.46 [0.29, 0.73]
  11 studies · 1414 participants
  Very low

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

Anticholinergics may leads to lower vomiting ‐ postoperative compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.55 [0.41, 0.74]
  1 study · 161 participants
  Low

Sedation vs placebo

Sedatives probably leads to lower nausea ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.65 [0.51, 0.82]
  8 studies · 593 participants
  Moderate
• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.25 [0.09, 0.71]
  2 studies · 145 participants
  Very low

Sedation vs placebo

Sedatives probably leads to lower vomiting ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.35 [0.24, 0.52]
  8 studies · 593 participants
  Moderate

Sedation vs placebo

Sedatives may leads to lower vomiting ‐ postoperative compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.09 [0.03, 0.28]
  2 studies · 145 participants
  Low

Acupuncture or acupressure vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether acupressure/acupuncture changes nausea ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.55 [0.41, 0.74]
  9 studies · 1221 participants
  Very low
• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.46 [0.27, 0.75]
  7 studies · 1069 participants
  Very low