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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia

current versions

No studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Technology‐mediated psychoeducation + standard care intervention vs standard care intervention Global state: not improved ‐ short‐term GAF · patients with people with schizophrenia Information and communication technology in patient education and support for people with schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	RR 1.15 [0.86, 1.54]	1 study · 56 participants	Low
Technology‐mediated psychoeducation + standard care intervention vs standard care intervention Knowledge/insight: not improved ITAQ · patients with people with schizophrenia Information and communication technology in patient education and support for people with schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	RR 1 [0.76, 1.31]	1 study · 56 participants	Low
Technology‐mediated psychoeducation + standard care intervention vs standard care intervention Quality of life · patients with people with schizophrenia Information and communication technology in patient education and support for people with schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Technology‐mediated psychoeducation + standard care intervention vs standard care intervention Needs · patients with people with schizophrenia Information and communication technology in patient education and support for people with schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Technology‐mediated psychoeducation + standard care intervention vs standard care intervention Social support · patients with people with schizophrenia Information and communication technology in patient education and support for people with schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Technology‐mediated psychoeducation vs standard care intervention Mental state: not improved ‐ short‐term BPRS · patients with people with schizophrenia Information and communication technology in patient education and support for people with schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	RR 0.75 [0.56, 1]	1 study · 84 participants	Low
Technology‐mediated psychoeducation vs standard care intervention Global state: not improved ‐ short‐term GAF · patients with people with schizophrenia Information and communication technology in patient education and support for people with schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	RR 1.08 [0.82, 1.42]	1 study · 84 participants	Low
Technology‐mediated psychoeducation vs standard care intervention Knowledge/insight · patients with people with schizophrenia Information and communication technology in patient education and support for people with schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Technology‐mediated psychoeducation vs standard care intervention Quality of life · patients with people with schizophrenia Information and communication technology in patient education and support for people with schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Technology‐mediated psychoeducation vs standard care intervention Needs · patients with people with schizophrenia Information and communication technology in patient education and support for people with schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Technology‐mediated psychoeducation vs standard care intervention Social support Social Network Interview · patients with people with schizophrenia Information and communication technology in patient education and support for people with schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	RR 0.42 [0.04, 0.8]	1 study · 60 participants	Ungraded
Technology‐mediated psychoeducation + standard care intervention vs standard care intervention Compliance/satisfaction: medication ‐ not compliant ‐ long‐term · patients with people with schizophrenia Information and communication technology in patient education and support for people with schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	RR 0.45 [0.27, 0.77]	1 study · 71 participants	Very low
Technology‐mediated psychoeducation + standard care intervention vs standard care intervention Mental state: not improved ‐ short‐term BPRS · patients with people with schizophrenia Information and communication technology in patient education and support for people with schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	RR 0.86 [0.63, 1.19]	1 study · 56 participants	Low
Intervention NR Global effect: 1a. Medium‐term ‐ Average end point score on various outcomes ‐ CGI‐severity (low = favourable) ( · schizophrenia Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 11 participants	Ungraded
Intervention NR Leaving the study early ‐ Adverse event: Short‐term · schizophrenia Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	RR 1.91 [0.8, 4.61]	6 studies · 428 participants	Ungraded
Intervention NR Mental state: 1b. Average end point score on various outcomes‐PANSS (medium‐term) ‐ Medium‐term ‐ PANSS negative end point score (low = favourable) · schizophrenia Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 31 participants	Ungraded
Intervention NR Mental state: 1b.Average end point score on various outcomes‐PANSS (medium‐term) ‐ Medium term ‐ PANSS general psychopathology end point score (low = favourable) · schizophrenia Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 31 participants	Ungraded
Intervention NR Cognitive function: 3. Short‐term ‐ Average end point score on various subscales of WAIS III (high = favourable) ‐ Digit symbol score · schizophrenia Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 73 participants	Ungraded
Intervention NR Cognitive function: 4. Short‐term ‐ Average end point score on various subscales of HVLT (high = favourable) ‐ Recognition · schizophrenia Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 48 participants	Ungraded
Intervention NR Adverse event: 11a. Short‐term ‐ Average end point score on EPSEs scale (low = favourable) ‐ AIMS · schizophrenia Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 35 participants	Ungraded
Paliperidone palmitate vs placebo Leaving the study early ‐ any reason Reported by trial author · patients with schizophrenia Paliperidone palmitate for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	RR 0.76 [7, 84]	5 studies · 2183 participants	High
Paliperidone palmitate vs risperidone long‐acting injection Death Reported by trial author · patients with schizophrenia Paliperidone palmitate for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	RR 3.62 [0.6, 21.89]	2 studies · 1967 participants	Low
Paliperidone palmitate vs risperidone long‐acting injection No clinically important change Number of people whose PANSS score either increased or did not decrease by at least 30% from the beginning to the end of the trial · patients with schizophrenia Paliperidone palmitate for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	RR 1.03 [0.93, 1.14]	2 studies · 1587 participants	Low
Paliperidone palmitate vs risperidone long‐acting injection Relapse: recurrence of psychotic symptoms Reported by trial authors as adverse event · patients with schizophrenia Paliperidone palmitate for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	RR 1.23 [0.98, 1.53]	2 studies · 1961 participants	Moderate
Paliperidone palmitate vs risperidone long‐acting injection Cost ‐ not measured · patients with schizophrenia Paliperidone palmitate for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Paliperidone palmitate vs risperidone long‐acting injection Health related quality of life ‐ not measured · patients with schizophrenia Paliperidone palmitate for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Paliperidone palmitate vs placebo No clinically important change Number of people whose PANSS score either increased or did not decrease by at least 30% from the beginning to the end of the trial · patients with schizophrenia Paliperidone palmitate for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	RR 0.79 [0.74, 0.85]	4 studies · 1696 participants	Moderate
Paliperidone palmitate vs placebo Relapse: recurrence of psychotic symptoms Reported by trial author as adverse event · patients with schizophrenia Paliperidone palmitate for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	RR 0.56 [0.46, 0.7]	5 studies · 2084 participants	Moderate
Paliperidone palmitate vs placebo Average change in prolactin in men Serum prolactin level (ng/mL) · patients with schizophrenia Paliperidone palmitate for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	5 studies · 1418 participants	High
Paliperidone palmitate vs placebo Average change in prolactin in women Serum prolactin level (ng/mL) · patients with schizophrenia Paliperidone palmitate for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	5 studies · 764 participants	High
Paliperidone palmitate vs placebo Average change in weight Change in weight (kg) from beginning to end of trial · patients with schizophrenia Paliperidone palmitate for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	5 studies · 2052 participants	High
Paliperidone palmitate vs placebo Health‐related quality of life ‐ not measured · patients with schizophrenia Paliperidone palmitate for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Paliperidone palmitate vs risperidone long‐acting injection Leaving the study early ‐ any reason Reported by trial author · patients with schizophrenia Paliperidone palmitate for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	RR 1.12 [1, 1.25]	2 studies · 1969 participants	High
Paliperidone palmitate vs risperidone long‐acting injection Leaving the study early ‐ lack of efficacy Reported by trial author · patients with schizophrenia Paliperidone palmitate for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	RR 1.35 [1.06, 1.71]	2 studies · 1969 participants	Moderate
α‐FLUPENTHIXOL vs PLACEBO or β‐FLUPENTHIXOL Global state: clinically important change in global state needing additional medication ‐ chlorpromazine · patients with schizophrenia Flupenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	OR 0.19 [0.05, 0.71]	1 study · 45 participants	Very low
α‐FLUPENTHIXOL vs PLACEBO or β‐FLUPENTHIXOL Mental state and behaviour: clinically important change in general mental state and behaviour · patients with schizophrenia Flupenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 45 participants	Ungraded
α‐FLUPENTHIXOL vs PLACEBO or β‐FLUPENTHIXOL Adverse effects/events: incidence of adverse effects/events · patients with schizophrenia Flupenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
α‐FLUPENTHIXOL vs PLACEBO or β‐FLUPENTHIXOL Service outcomes: hospital admission · patients with schizophrenia Flupenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
α‐FLUPENTHIXOL vs PLACEBO or β‐FLUPENTHIXOL General functioning: Poor social functioning ‐ modified Cooper's ratings5,6 · patients with schizophrenia Flupenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	RR 1.33 [0.91, 1.96]	1 study · 45 participants	Very low
α‐FLUPENTHIXOL vs PLACEBO or β‐FLUPENTHIXOL Satisfaction with treatment: satisfaction with care for recipients of care or careers · patients with schizophrenia Flupenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
α‐FLUPENTHIXOL vs PLACEBO or β‐FLUPENTHIXOL Economic outcomes: direct costs · patients with schizophrenia Flupenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE Compliance: Not compliant with medication · patients with schizophrenia Psychoeducation for schizophrenia (2011) · Cochrane	RR 0.48 [0.31, 0.75]	3 studies · 282 participants	Very low
ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE Compliance: 2a. With · patients with schizophrenia Psychoeducation for schizophrenia (2011) · Cochrane	RR 0.77 [0.48, 1.23]	2 studies · 172 participants	Very low
ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE Compliance: 2b. With · patients with schizophrenia Psychoeducation for schizophrenia (2011) · Cochrane	RR 0.63 [0.38, 1.04]	2 studies · 206 participants	Low
ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE Relapse: 1. Relapse for any reason ‐ long term · patients with schizophrenia Psychoeducation for schizophrenia (2011) · Cochrane	RR 0.73 [0.62, 0.85]	6 studies · 790 participants	Low
ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE Relapse: 2. Relapse with readmission ‐ long term · patients with schizophrenia Psychoeducation for schizophrenia (2011) · Cochrane	RR 0.71 [0.56, 0.89]	2 studies · 206 participants	Low
ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE Satisfaction with mental health services: 3. binary outcome ‐ medium term ‐ unsatisfied · patients with schizophrenia Psychoeducation for schizophrenia (2011) · Cochrane	RR 0.4 [0.17, 0.96]	1 study · 116 participants	Low
ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE Adverse event: Death ‐ long term · patients with schizophrenia Psychoeducation for schizophrenia (2011) · Cochrane	RR 1.39 [0.24, 8.11]	2 studies · 344 participants	Low
Day hospital vs Inpatient Feasibility and engagement: lost to · patients with acute psychiatric disorders Day hospital versus admission for acute psychiatric disorders (2011) · Cochrane	RR 0.94 [0.82, 1.08]	5 studies · 1694 participants	Moderate
Day hospital vs Inpatient Extent of hospital care: 1. duration of index admission · patients with acute psychiatric disorders Day hospital versus admission for acute psychiatric disorders (2011) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 1582 participants	Moderate