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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract vs porcine minced lung surfactant extract Oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.19, 3.04] | 1 study · 54 participants | Low |
Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract vs porcine minced lung surfactant extract Death or oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract vs porcine minced lung surfactant extract Pneumothorax · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract vs porcine minced lung surfactant extract Pulmonary hemorrhage · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract vs modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract Oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · Preterm infants for prevention of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.79, 1.19] | 1 study · 749 participants | Moderate |
Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract vs porcine minced lung surfactant extract Severe intraventricular hemorrhage in infants who received neuroimaging · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.29, 2.41] | 1 study · 54 participants | Very low |
Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract vs porcine minced lung surfactant extract Neurodevelopmental outcome at approximately two years’ corrected age · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract vs porcine minced lung surfactant extract Mortality prior to hospital discharge (from any cause) · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.44 [1.04, 2] | 9 studies · 901 participants | Moderate |
Modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract vs porcine minced lung surfactant extract Oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.83, 1.31] | 8 studies · 773 participants | Moderate |
Modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract vs porcine minced lung surfactant extract Death or oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [1.04, 1.64] | 3 studies · 448 participants | Moderate |
Modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract vs porcine minced lung surfactant extract Pneumothorax · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [0.71, 2.17] | 6 studies · 669 participants | Low |
Modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract vs porcine minced lung surfactant extract Pulmonary hemorrhage · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [0.81, 2.02] | 8 studies · 871 participants | Low |
Modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract vs porcine minced lung surfactant extract Severe intraventricular hemorrhage in infants who received neuroimaging · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [0.83, 1.97] | 7 studies · 705 participants | Very low |
Modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract vs porcine minced lung surfactant extract Neurodevelopmental outcome at approximately two years’ corrected age · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract vs porcine lung lavage surfactant Mortality prior to hospital discharge (from any cause) · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.6, 1.99] | 1 study · 44 participants | Low |
Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract vs modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract Death or oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · Preterm infants for prevention of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.89, 1.17] | 2 studies · 1133 participants | High |
Modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract vs porcine lung lavage surfactant Oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract vs porcine lung lavage surfactant Death or oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract vs porcine lung lavage surfactant Pneumothorax · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.1 [0.01, 0.73] | 1 study · 44 participants | High |
Modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract vs porcine lung lavage surfactant Pulmonary hemorrhage · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract vs porcine lung lavage surfactant Severe intraventricular hemorrhage in infants who received neuroimaging · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract vs porcine lung lavage surfactant Neurodevelopmental outcome at approximately two years corrected age · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract vs modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract Pneumothorax. · Preterm infants for prevention of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.43, 1.36] | 1 study · 749 participants | Moderate |
Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract vs modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract Pulmonary hemorrhage · Preterm infants for prevention of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.44 [0.88, 2.39] | 2 studies · 1123 participants | Low |
Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract vs modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract Severe IVH in infants receiving neuroimaging · Preterm infants for prevention of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [0.89, 1.83] | 2 studies · 1087 participants | Low |
Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract vs modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract Neurodevelopmental outcome at approximately two years’ corrected age · Preterm infants for prevention of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract vs modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract Mortality prior to discharge · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.79, 1.21] | 6 studies · 2231 participants | Moderate |
Bovine lung lavage surfactant extract vs modified bovine minced lung surfactant extract Oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age (all infants) · Preterm infants for treatment of RDS Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.82, 1.11] | 5 studies · 1564 participants | High |
Intervention NR CRBSI (confirmed) Clinical and microbiological assessments · newborn infants who require a central venous catheter Antibiotic lock for the prevention of catheter‐related infection in neonates (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.15 [0.06, 0.4] | 3 studies · 271 participants | High |
Intervention NR CRBSI (suspected) Clinical assessment · newborn infants who require a central venous catheter Antibiotic lock for the prevention of catheter‐related infection in neonates (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.22, 1.92] | 3 studies · 271 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Total CRBSI (confirmed and suspected) Clinical and microbiological assessments · newborn infants who require a central venous catheter Antibiotic lock for the prevention of catheter‐related infection in neonates (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.12, 0.49] | 3 studies · 271 participants | High |
Intervention NR Mortality Clinical assessment · newborn infants who require a central venous catheter Antibiotic lock for the prevention of catheter‐related infection in neonates (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.12 [0.01, 2.13] | 1 study · 103 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Number of infants with hypoglycaemia Blood sugar level: glucose meter or laboratory‐based plasma glucose level · newborn infants who require a central venous catheter Antibiotic lock for the prevention of catheter‐related infection in neonates (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.51 [0.28, 0.92] | 2 studies · 168 participants | High |
Adjunctive steroid vs placebo All‐cause death until hospital discharge · neonates with clinical and microbiological features of bacterial meningitis Adjuvant corticosteroids for reducing death in neonatal bacterial meningitis (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.46 [0.24, 0.88] | 2 studies · 132 participants | Very low |
Adjunctive steroid vs placebo Number of participants with developmental delay · neonates with clinical and microbiological features of bacterial meningitis Adjuvant corticosteroids for reducing death in neonatal bacterial meningitis (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.32, 1.87] | 1 study · 38 participants | Low |
Adjunctive steroid vs placebo Hearing loss at 2 years of age · neonates with clinical and microbiological features of bacterial meningitis Adjuvant corticosteroids for reducing death in neonatal bacterial meningitis (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.8 [0.18, 18.21] | 1 study · 38 participants | Low |
Adjunctive steroid vs placebo Hearing loss at 4 to 10 weeks after discharge · neonates with clinical and microbiological features of bacterial meningitis Adjuvant corticosteroids for reducing death in neonatal bacterial meningitis (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.41 [0.17, 0.98] | 1 study · 59 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Length of hospital stay Days · parents of high‐risk newborn infants Telemedicine for the support of parents of high‐risk newborn infants (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 56 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Exchange transfusion · preterm or low birth weight infants Prophylactic phototherapy for preventing jaundice in preterm or low birth weight infants (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.22 [0.15, 0.34] | 3 studies · 2946 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Cerebral palsy · preterm or low birth weight infants Prophylactic phototherapy for preventing jaundice in preterm or low birth weight infants (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.5, 1.85] | 2 studies · 756 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Peak serum bilirubin · preterm or low birth weight infants Prophylactic phototherapy for preventing jaundice in preterm or low birth weight infants (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 2319 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Serum bilirubin greater than 10 mg/dl · preterm or low birth weight infants Prophylactic phototherapy for preventing jaundice in preterm or low birth weight infants (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.27 [0.22, 0.33] | 3 studies · 1090 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Retinopathy of prematurity · preterm or low birth weight infants Prophylactic phototherapy for preventing jaundice in preterm or low birth weight infants (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.77, 1.13] | 2 studies · 1687 participants | High |
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality · preterm or low birth weight infants Prophylactic phototherapy for preventing jaundice in preterm or low birth weight infants (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.93, 1.26] | 4 studies · 3044 participants | Moderate |
Transfer from incubator to cot at lower vs higher body weight Daily weight gain (g/kg/day) · patients with preterm infants Transfer of preterm infants from incubator to open cot at lower versus higher body weight (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 276 participants | High |
Transfer from incubator to cot at lower vs higher body weight Proportion of infants having at least one episode of low temperature requiring overhead heater use · patients with preterm infants Transfer of preterm infants from incubator to open cot at lower versus higher body weight (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1.43 [0.78, 2.62] | 2 studies · 276 participants | High |
Transfer from incubator to cot at lower vs higher body weight Proportion of infants having at least one episode of returning to incubator · patients with preterm infants Transfer of preterm infants from incubator to open cot at lower versus higher body weight (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1.78 [0.77, 4.08] | 3 studies · 336 participants | Moderate |
Transfer from incubator to cot at lower vs higher body weight Duration from transfer to cot to discharge home (days) · patients with preterm infants Transfer of preterm infants from incubator to open cot at lower versus higher body weight (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 276 participants | High |
Transfer from incubator to cot at lower vs higher body weight Postmenstrual age at discharge · patients with preterm infants Transfer of preterm infants from incubator to open cot at lower versus higher body weight (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 276 participants | High |
Transfer from incubator to cot at lower vs higher body weight Length of hospital stay (days) · patients with preterm infants Transfer of preterm infants from incubator to open cot at lower versus higher body weight (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 276 participants | High |