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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

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Review versions

2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant

current versions

No studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Tacrolimus vs cyclosporin Acute rejection The number of patients who experienced at least one episode of rejection · Lung transplant recipients Tacrolimus versus cyclosporin as primary immunosuppression for lung transplant recipients (2013) · Cochrane	RR 0.89 [0.77, 1.05]	2 studies · 323 participants	Low
Tacrolimus vs cyclosporin Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome The number of patients diagnosed with the bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome · Lung transplant recipients Tacrolimus versus cyclosporin as primary immunosuppression for lung transplant recipients (2013) · Cochrane	RR 0.46 [0.29, 0.74]	3 studies · 413 participants	Moderate
Tacrolimus vs cyclosporin Infection The number of overall infections per 100 patient days · Lung transplant recipients Tacrolimus versus cyclosporin as primary immunosuppression for lung transplant recipients (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 74 participants	Low
Tacrolimus vs cyclosporin Treatment withdrawal the number of patients stopping the assigned drug intervention · Lung transplant recipients Tacrolimus versus cyclosporin as primary immunosuppression for lung transplant recipients (2013) · Cochrane	RR 0.27 [0.16, 0.46]	3 studies · 413 participants	Low
Tacrolimus vs cyclosporin Arterial hypertension · Lung transplant recipients Tacrolimus versus cyclosporin as primary immunosuppression for lung transplant recipients (2013) · Cochrane	RR 0.67 [0.5, 0.89]	2 studies · 164 participants	Low
Tacrolimus vs cyclosporin Diabetes mellitus · Lung transplant recipients Tacrolimus versus cyclosporin as primary immunosuppression for lung transplant recipients (2013) · Cochrane	RR 4.24 [1.58, 11.4]	2 studies · 164 participants	Low
T‐cell antibody induction vs no antibody induction Mortality · lung transplant recipients Antibody induction therapy for lung transplant recipients (2013) · Cochrane	RR 0.99 [0.69, 1.41]	3 studies · 140 participants	Moderate
IL‐2 receptor antagonist induction vs no antibody induction Acute rejection · lung transplant recipients Antibody induction therapy for lung transplant recipients (2013) · Cochrane	RR 1.07 [0.49, 2.33]	1 study · 25 participants	Moderate
IL‐2 receptor antagonist induction vs no antibody induction Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome · lung transplant recipients Antibody induction therapy for lung transplant recipients (2013) · Cochrane	RR 0.33 [0.07, 1.49]	1 study · 25 participants	Moderate
Polyclonal T‐cell antibody induction vs interleukin‐2 receptor antagonist induction Mortality · lung transplant recipients Antibody induction therapy for lung transplant recipients (2013) · Cochrane	RR 1.41 [0.55, 3.64]	3 studies · 100 participants	Moderate
Polyclonal T‐cell antibody induction vs interleukin‐2 receptor antagonist induction Acute rejection · lung transplant recipients Antibody induction therapy for lung transplant recipients (2013) · Cochrane	RR 1.33 [0.93, 1.92]	2 studies · 76 participants	Moderate
Polyclonal T‐cell antibody induction vs interleukin‐2 receptor antagonist induction Infection · lung transplant recipients Antibody induction therapy for lung transplant recipients (2013) · Cochrane	RR 0.91 [0.71, 1.16]	1 study · 50 participants	Moderate
Polyclonal T‐cell antibody induction vs interleukin‐2 receptor antagonist induction Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome · lung transplant recipients Antibody induction therapy for lung transplant recipients (2013) · Cochrane	RR 1.66 [0.42, 6.53]	2 studies · 76 participants	Moderate
T‐cell antibody induction vs no antibody induction Acute rejection grade II or higher · lung transplant recipients Antibody induction therapy for lung transplant recipients (2013) · Cochrane	RR 0.66 [0.43, 1.02]	3 studies · 140 participants	Moderate
T‐cell antibody induction vs no antibody induction Infection · lung transplant recipients Antibody induction therapy for lung transplant recipients (2013) · Cochrane	RR 1.4 [0.97, 2.01]	2 studies · 104 participants	Moderate
T‐cell antibody induction vs no antibody induction Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome · lung transplant recipients Antibody induction therapy for lung transplant recipients (2013) · Cochrane	RR 0.77 [0.55, 1.09]	3 studies · 140 participants	Moderate
Polyclonal T‐cell antibody vs no antibody induction Mortality · lung transplant recipients Antibody induction therapy for lung transplant recipients (2013) · Cochrane	RR 1.02 [0.71, 1.47]	3 studies · 125 participants	Moderate
Polyclonal T‐cell antibody vs no antibody induction Acute rejection grade II or higher · lung transplant recipients Antibody induction therapy for lung transplant recipients (2013) · Cochrane	RR 0.68 [0.44, 1.04]	3 studies · 125 participants	Moderate
Polyclonal T‐cell antibody vs no antibody induction Infection · lung transplant recipients Antibody induction therapy for lung transplant recipients (2013) · Cochrane	RR 1.4 [0.97, 2.01]	2 studies · 104 participants	Moderate
Polyclonal T‐cell antibody vs no antibody induction Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome · lung transplant recipients Antibody induction therapy for lung transplant recipients (2013) · Cochrane	RR 0.81 [0.57, 1.16]	3 studies · 125 participants	Moderate
IL‐2 receptor antagonist induction vs no antibody induction Mortality · lung transplant recipients Antibody induction therapy for lung transplant recipients (2013) · Cochrane	RR 0.67 [0.22, 2.07]	1 study · 25 participants	Moderate
rhGH 28 IU/m²/wk vs placebo/no treatment HSDS after 1 year of rhGH · children with chronic kidney disease Growth hormone for children with chronic kidney disease (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	8 studies · 331 participants	Moderate
rhGH 28 IU/m²/wk vs placebo/no treatment Height velocity (cm/6 mo) after 6 months of rhGH from baseline to 6 months · children with chronic kidney disease Growth hormone for children with chronic kidney disease (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 27 participants	Low
rhGH 28 IU/m²/wk vs placebo/no treatment Height velocity (cm/y) after 1 year of rhGH · children with chronic kidney disease Growth hormone for children with chronic kidney disease (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	7 studies · 287 participants	Moderate
rhGH 28 IU/m²/wk vs placebo/no treatment Change in height velocity SDS from baseline to 6 months · children with chronic kidney disease Growth hormone for children with chronic kidney disease (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 27 participants	Low
rhGH 28 IU/m²/wk vs placebo/no treatment Change in height velocity SDS from baseline to 1 year · children with chronic kidney disease Growth hormone for children with chronic kidney disease (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 22 participants	Low
rhGH 28 IU/m²/wk vs 14 IU/m²/wk Final or change in HSDS from baseline to 1 year · children with chronic kidney disease Growth hormone for children with chronic kidney disease (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 145 participants	Moderate
rhGH 28 IU/m²/wk vs 14 IU/m²/wk Change in height velocity (cm/time period) from baseline to 1 year · children with chronic kidney disease Growth hormone for children with chronic kidney disease (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 150 participants	Moderate
rhGH 28 IU/m²/wk vs 14 IU/m²/wk Change in height velocity SDS from baseline to 1 year · children with chronic kidney disease Growth hormone for children with chronic kidney disease (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 106 participants	Low
Single‐dose vs short‐course (3‐7 days) antibiotics Persistent bacteriuria · children with lower urinary tract infection Antibiotics for treating lower urinary tract infection in children (2012) · Cochrane	RR 1.3 [0.65, 2.62]	2 studies · 145 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Re‐infection · children with lower urinary tract infection Antibiotics for treating lower urinary tract infection in children (2012) · Cochrane	RR 0.88 [0.44, 1.74]	2 studies · 211 participants	Very low
10‐day trimethoprim vs 10‐day trimethoprim+sulfamethoxazole Persistent bacteriuria · children with lower urinary tract infection Antibiotics for treating lower urinary tract infection in children (2012) · Cochrane	RR 1.93 [0.38, 9.76]	1 study · 59 participants	Very low
10‐day trimethoprim vs 10‐day trimethoprim+sulfamethoxazole Persistent symptoms · children with lower urinary tract infection Antibiotics for treating lower urinary tract infection in children (2012) · Cochrane	RR 4.84 [0.24, 96.66]	1 study · 59 participants	Very low
10‐day trimethoprim vs 10‐day trimethoprim+sulfamethoxazole Recurrence · children with lower urinary tract infection Antibiotics for treating lower urinary tract infection in children (2012) · Cochrane	RR 2.9 [0.12, 68.5]	1 study · 59 participants	Very low
10‐day cefadroxil vs 10‐day ampicillin Persistent bacteriuria · children with lower urinary tract infection Antibiotics for treating lower urinary tract infection in children (2012) · Cochrane	RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.62]	1 study · 32 participants	Very low
10‐day cefadroxil vs 10‐day ampicillin Persistent symptoms · children with lower urinary tract infection Antibiotics for treating lower urinary tract infection in children (2012) · Cochrane	RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.62]	1 study · 32 participants	Very low
Single‐dose fosfomycin vs single‐dose netilmicin Persistent bacteriuria · children with lower urinary tract infection Antibiotics for treating lower urinary tract infection in children (2012) · Cochrane	RR 3.15 [0.68, 14.64]	1 study · 135 participants	Very low
Single‐dose fosfomycin vs single‐dose netilmicin Recurrence · children with lower urinary tract infection Antibiotics for treating lower urinary tract infection in children (2012) · Cochrane	RR 0.63 [0.26, 1.56]	1 study · 135 participants	Very low
Single‐dose vs short‐course (3‐7 days) antibiotics Recurrence · children with lower urinary tract infection Antibiotics for treating lower urinary tract infection in children (2012) · Cochrane	RR 1.5 [0.43, 5.26]	2 studies · 145 participants	Very low
Single‐dose vs short‐course (3‐7 days) antibiotics Re‐infection · children with lower urinary tract infection Antibiotics for treating lower urinary tract infection in children (2012) · Cochrane	RR 0.16 [0.02, 1.26]	1 study · 45 participants	Very low
Single‐dose vs conventional 10‐day antibiotic treatment Persistent bacteriuria · children with lower urinary tract infection Antibiotics for treating lower urinary tract infection in children (2012) · Cochrane	RR 2.01 [1.06, 3.8]	6 studies · 228 participants	Very low
Single‐dose vs conventional 10‐day antibiotic treatment Persistent symptoms · children with lower urinary tract infection Antibiotics for treating lower urinary tract infection in children (2012) · Cochrane	RR 0.29 [0.03, 2.5]	1 study · 30 participants	Very low
Single‐dose vs conventional 10‐day antibiotic treatment Persistent bacteriuria and symptoms · children with lower urinary tract infection Antibiotics for treating lower urinary tract infection in children (2012) · Cochrane	RR 1.83 [0.18, 18.84]	1 study · 46 participants	Very low
Single‐dose vs conventional 10‐day antibiotic treatment Recurrence · children with lower urinary tract infection Antibiotics for treating lower urinary tract infection in children (2012) · Cochrane	RR 1.38 [0.55, 3.5]	2 studies · 79 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Persistent bacteriuria · children with lower urinary tract infection Antibiotics for treating lower urinary tract infection in children (2012) · Cochrane	RR 1.1 [0.68, 1.77]	3 studies · 265 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Recurrence · children with lower urinary tract infection Antibiotics for treating lower urinary tract infection in children (2012) · Cochrane	RR 1.14 [0.7, 1.86]	4 studies · 363 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Persistent bacteriuria at 6 months · Patients with covert bacteriuria in children Interventions for covert bacteriuria in children (2012) · Cochrane	RR 0.35 [0.18, 0.7]	1 study · 42 participants	Low
Intervention NR Persistent bacteriuria at 2 years · Patients with covert bacteriuria in children Interventions for covert bacteriuria in children (2012) · Cochrane	RR 0.33 [0.02, 5.34]	2 studies · 241 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Persistent bacteriuria at 4 to 5 years · Patients with covert bacteriuria in children Interventions for covert bacteriuria in children (2012) · Cochrane	OR 0.39 [0.26, 0.57]	3 studies · 444 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Covert bacteriuria · Patients with covert bacteriuria in children Interventions for covert bacteriuria in children (2012) · Cochrane	RR 0.71 [0.48, 1.03]	1 study · 61 participants	Low