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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia
current versionsNo studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Atypical (standard‐dose) vs atypical (low‐dose) antipsychotics (only short term) Weight gain (standard‐dose vs low‐dose risperidone) · individuals with psychosis Atypical antipsychotics for psychosis in adolescents (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 257 participants | High |
Atypical antipsychotics vs placebo (only short term) Weight gain ≥7% of baseline · individuals with psychosis Atypical antipsychotics for psychosis in adolescents (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 106 participants | High |
Atypical antipsychotics vs placebo (only short term) High prolactin at any time during treatment · individuals with psychosis Atypical antipsychotics for psychosis in adolescents (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 107 participants | High |
Atypical antipsychotics vs placebo (only short term) Change in corrected QT · individuals with psychosis Atypical antipsychotics for psychosis in adolescents (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 107 participants | High |
Atypical vs typical antipsychotics (only short term) Worse or no improvement · individuals with psychosis Atypical antipsychotics for psychosis in adolescents (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 21 participants | Low |
Atypical vs typical antipsychotics (only short term) Anticholinergic adverse effects · individuals with psychosis Atypical antipsychotics for psychosis in adolescents (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Moderate |
Atypical vs typical antipsychotics (only short term) Drop in the absolute neutrophil count below 1500 per mm3 · individuals with psychosis Atypical antipsychotics for psychosis in adolescents (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 21 participants | Very low |
Atypical vs typical antipsychotics (only short term) Leaving the study early because of adverse effects · individuals with psychosis Atypical antipsychotics for psychosis in adolescents (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 21 participants | Moderate |
Atypical vs atypical antipsychotics (only short term) No improvement (risperidone vs olanzapine) · individuals with psychosis Atypical antipsychotics for psychosis in adolescents (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 111 participants | Moderate |
NIDOTHERAPY‐ENHANCED STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE Functioning ‐ specific ‐ social ‐ change in average score ‐ medium term (6‐12 months) Social Functioning Questionnaire ‐ Key Worker (SFQ‐KW) . Scale from: 0 to 24. · patients with people with schizophrenia Nidotherapy for people with schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 37 participants | Very low |
NIDOTHERAPY‐ENHANCED STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE Functioning ‐ general ‐ no important change ‐ medium term (6‐12 months) ‐ not measured · patients with people with schizophrenia Nidotherapy for people with schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NIDOTHERAPY‐ENHANCED STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE Mental state ‐ no important change ‐ medium term (6 ‐ 12 months) Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Scale from: 0 to 96. · patients with people with schizophrenia Nidotherapy for people with schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 37 participants | Low |
NIDOTHERAPY‐ENHANCED STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE Quality of life ‐ no important change ‐ medium term (6‐12 months) ‐ not measured · patients with people with schizophrenia Nidotherapy for people with schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NIDOTHERAPY‐ENHANCED STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE Satisfaction with treatment · patients with people with schizophrenia Nidotherapy for people with schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
NIDOTHERAPY‐ENHANCED STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE Economic outcomes ‐ total costs (12 months) NHS Reference Costs and unit costs · patients with people with schizophrenia Nidotherapy for people with schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 1 participants | Low |
NIDOTHERAPY‐ENHANCED STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE Adverse effects ‐ specific ‐ death Number of individual deaths of participants · patients with people with schizophrenia Nidotherapy for people with schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.29 [0.01, 6.74] | 1 study · 52 participants | Very low |
Preventive interventions vs no preventive interventions Recurrence of postnatal psychosis · Women at risk of postnatal psychosis Preventive interventions for postnatal psychosis (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Preventive interventions vs no preventive interventions Suicide · Women at risk of postnatal psychosis Preventive interventions for postnatal psychosis (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Preventive interventions vs no preventive interventions Infanticide · Women at risk of postnatal psychosis Preventive interventions for postnatal psychosis (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Preventive interventions vs no preventive interventions Service utilisation outcomes ‐ e.g. admitted to hospital · Women at risk of postnatal psychosis Preventive interventions for postnatal psychosis (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Preventive interventions vs no preventive interventions Adverse effects/events · Women at risk of postnatal psychosis Preventive interventions for postnatal psychosis (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Life skills programme vs standard care Life skills: No important change in household activity skills Royal Edinburgh Occupational Therapy Assessment Form · patients with chronic mental illnesses Life skills programmes for chronic mental illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.24 [0.01, 4.72] | 1 study · 10 participants | Very low |
Life skills programme vs attention‐control Quality of life: Endpoint score Quality of Well‐Being Scale. Scale from: 0 to 100. · patients with chronic mental illnesses Life skills programmes for chronic mental illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 158 participants | Very low |
Life skills programme vs standard care Life skills: No important change kitchen skills Royal Edinburgh Occupational Therapy Assessment Form · patients with chronic mental illnesses Life skills programmes for chronic mental illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 10 participants | Very low |
Life skills programme vs standard care Life skills: No important change laundry skills Royal Edinburgh Occupational Therapy Assessment Form · patients with chronic mental illnesses Life skills programmes for chronic mental illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.14 [0.01, 2.38] | 1 study · 10 participants | Very low |
Life skills programme vs standard care Life skills: No important change self‐care skills Royal Edinburgh Occupational Therapy Assessment Form · patients with chronic mental illnesses Life skills programmes for chronic mental illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.28, 3.54] | 1 study · 10 participants | Very low |
Life skills programme vs standard care Leaving the study early · patients with chronic mental illnesses Life skills programmes for chronic mental illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [0.4, 3.36] | 5 studies · 345 participants | Very low |
Life skills programme vs standard care Mental state: endpoint score PANSS positive syndrome. Scale from: 7 to 48. · patients with chronic mental illnesses Life skills programmes for chronic mental illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 32 participants | Very low |
Life skills programme vs standard care Quality of life: Endpoint score Quality of Well‐Being Scale index. Scale from: 0 to 10. · patients with chronic mental illnesses Life skills programmes for chronic mental illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 32 participants | Very low |
Life skills programme vs attention‐control Life skills: Endpoint score UCSD Performance‐based Skills Assessment ‐ UPSA · patients with chronic mental illnesses Life skills programmes for chronic mental illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 158 participants | Very low |
Life skills programme vs attention‐control Mental state: Endpoint score PANSS. Scale from: 16 to 96. · patients with chronic mental illnesses Life skills programmes for chronic mental illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 158 participants | Very low |
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE vs STANDARD DRUG CARE Sedation/tranquillisation: Not sedated ‐ at four hours · patients with acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses Zuclopenthixol acetate for acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.54, 1] | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE (HIGH DOSE) vs ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE (LOW DOSE) Mental state: 2. Not improved (BPRS, < 30% decrease in BPRS score) · patients with acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses Zuclopenthixol acetate for acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.17, 2.07] | 1 study · 30 participants | Low |
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE (HIGH DOSE) vs ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE (LOW DOSE) Adverse effects: 1. Extrapyramidal side effects (TESS) · patients with acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses Zuclopenthixol acetate for acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | RR 2.33 [0.74, 7.35] | 1 study · 30 participants | Low |
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE vs STANDARD DRUG CARE Global state: 1. Requiring supplementary medication ‐ antipsychotics · patients with acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses Zuclopenthixol acetate for acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.49 [0.97, 2.3] | 3 studies · 134 participants | Low |
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE vs STANDARD DRUG CARE Global state: 2. Requiring 3 or more injections ‐ over 7 days · patients with acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses Zuclopenthixol acetate for acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.39 [0.18, 0.84] | 1 study · 70 participants | Low |
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE vs STANDARD DRUG CARE Mental state: 1. No important improvement · patients with acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses Zuclopenthixol acetate for acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.39, 1.86] | 2 studies · 188 participants | Low |
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE vs STANDARD DRUG CARE Adverse effects: Movement disorders ‐ dystonia (spasmodic postural disorder) ‐ by 24 hours · patients with acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses Zuclopenthixol acetate for acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.34, 1.36] | 3 studies · 242 participants | Low |
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE (HIGH DOSE) vs ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE (LOW DOSE) Sedation/tranquillisation: Not sedated ‐ at two hours · patients with acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses Zuclopenthixol acetate for acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE (HIGH DOSE) vs ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE (LOW DOSE) Global state: 1. Requiring supplementary medication ‐ antipsychotics · patients with acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses Zuclopenthixol acetate for acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE (HIGH DOSE) vs ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE (LOW DOSE) Global state: 2. Requiring 3 or more injections ‐ over 7 days · patients with acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses Zuclopenthixol acetate for acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE (HIGH DOSE) vs ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE (LOW DOSE) Mental state: 1. Not markedly improved (BPRS, < 60% decrease in BPRS score) · patients with acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses Zuclopenthixol acetate for acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.51, 1.95] | 1 study · 30 participants | Low |
Bromperidol decanoate vs placebo Global state: Relapse · patients with schizophrenia Bromperidol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Bromperidol decanoate vs other depot antipsychotic drugs Quality of life · patients with schizophrenia Bromperidol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Bromperidol decanoate vs other depot antipsychotic drugs Adverse effects ‐ needing anticholinergic drugs · patients with schizophrenia Bromperidol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.63, 1.02] | 3 studies · 97 participants | Very low |
Bromperidol decanoate vs other depot antipsychotic drugs Adverse effects ‐ anticholinergic effects · patients with schizophrenia Bromperidol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | RR 3.13 [0.7, 13.95] | 1 study · 47 participants | Very low |
Bromperidol decanoate vs other depot antipsychotic drugs Adverse effects ‐ movement disorders · patients with schizophrenia Bromperidol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.47, 1.17] | 2 studies · 77 participants | Very low |
Bromperidol decanoate vs placebo Global state: Hospital admission · patients with schizophrenia Bromperidol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Bromperidol decanoate vs placebo Global state: Response ‐ proxy outcome ‐ mental state: 1. General ‐ average score (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale) · patients with schizophrenia Bromperidol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Bromperidol decanoate vs placebo Quality of life · patients with schizophrenia Bromperidol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |