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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intracervical PGE₂ vs placebo Serious neonatal morbidity or death · women requiring induction of labour Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intracervical PGE₂ vs placebo Serious maternal morbidity or death · women requiring induction of labour Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intracervical PGE₂ vs placebo Neonatal intensive care unit admission · women requiring induction of labour Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.61 [0.43, 6.05] | 3 studies · 215 participants | Low |
Vaginal misoprostol vs placebo Vaginal birth not achieved within 24 h · women requiring induction of labour Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Vaginal misoprostol vs placebo Vaginal birth not achieved within 48 and 72 h · women requiring induction of labour Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Vaginal misoprostol vs placebo Uterine hyperstimulation (with fetal heart rate changes) · women requiring induction of labour Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.97 [0.43, 9] | 3 studies · 265 participants | Low |
Vaginal misoprostol vs placebo Caesarean section · women requiring induction of labour Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.61, 1.46] | 4 studies · 325 participants | Low |
Vaginal misoprostol vs placebo Serious neonatal morbidity or death · women requiring induction of labour Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.34 [0.01, 8.14] | 1 study · 77 participants | Low |
Vaginal PGE₂ vs placebo or expectant management Vaginal birth not achieved in 48 to 72 h · women requiring term labour induction Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Vaginal misoprostol vs placebo Serious maternal morbidity or death · women requiring induction of labour Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Vaginal misoprostol vs placebo Neonatal intensive care unit admission · women requiring induction of labour Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.54, 1.47] | 4 studies · 325 participants | Low |
Vaginal PGE₂ vs placebo or expectant management Uterine hyperstimulation (fetal heart rate changes unclear) · women requiring term labour induction Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings (2017) · Cochrane | RR 3.76 [0.64, 22.24] | 4 studies · 244 participants | Low |
Vaginal PGE₂ vs placebo or expectant management Caesarean section · women requiring term labour induction Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.49, 1.31] | 4 studies · 288 participants | Low |
Vaginal PGE₂ vs placebo or expectant management Serious neonatal morbidity or death · women requiring term labour induction Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Vaginal PGE₂ vs placebo or expectant management Serious maternal morbidity or death · women requiring term labour induction Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Vaginal PGE₂ vs placebo or expectant management Neonatal intensive care unit admission · women requiring term labour induction Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.1, 1.03] | 3 studies · 230 participants | Low |
Intracervical PGE₂ vs placebo Vaginal birth not achieved within 24 h · women requiring induction of labour Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intracervical PGE₂ vs placebo Vaginal birth not achieved in 48 to 72 h · women requiring induction of labour Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.68, 1.02] | 1 study · 43 participants | Low |
Maternal outcomes: oral anti‐diabetic agent (metformin) vs insulin Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: pre‐eclampsia · women with type 2 diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.63 [0.33, 1.2] | 2 studies · 227 participants | Very low |
Infant outcomes: oral anti‐diabetic agent (metformin) vs insulin Hypoglycaemia · women with type 2 diabetes mellitus Oral anti‐diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.34 [0.18, 0.62] | 3 studies · 241 participants | Very low |
Infant outcomes: oral anti‐diabetic agent (metformin) vs insulin Neonatal mortality or morbidity composite · women with type 2 diabetes mellitus Oral anti‐diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Infant outcomes: oral anti‐diabetic agent (metformin) vs insulin Childhood/adulthood neurosensory disability · women with type 2 diabetes mellitus Oral anti‐diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Infant outcomes: oral anti‐diabetic agent (metformin) vs insulin Childhood/adulthood adiposity · women with type 2 diabetes mellitus Oral anti‐diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Infant outcomes: oral anti‐diabetic agent (metformin) vs insulin Childhood/adulthood diabetes · women with type 2 diabetes mellitus Oral anti‐diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Maternal outcomes: oral anti‐diabetic agent (metformin) vs insulin Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: pregnancy‐induced hypertension · women with type 2 diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.37, 0.91] | 1 study · 206 participants | Low |
Maternal outcomes: oral anti‐diabetic agent (metformin) vs insulin Caesarean section · women with type 2 diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.61, 0.88] | 3 studies · 241 participants | Low |
Maternal outcomes: oral anti‐diabetic agent (metformin) vs insulin Induction of labour · women with type 2 diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.42 [0.62, 3.28] | 2 studies · 35 participants | Very low |
Maternal outcomes: oral anti‐diabetic agent (metformin) vs insulin Perineal trauma · women with type 2 diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Maternal outcomes: oral anti‐diabetic agent (metformin) vs insulin Postnatal depression · women with type 2 diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Maternal outcomes: oral anti‐diabetic agent (metformin) vs insulin Postnatal weight retention · women with type 2 diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Infant outcomes: oral anti‐diabetic agent (metformin) vs insulin Large‐for‐gestational age · women with type 2 diabetes mellitus Oral anti‐diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.73, 1.72] | 1 study · 206 participants | Very low |
Infant outcomes: oral anti‐diabetic agent (metformin) vs insulin Perinatal mortality · women with type 2 diabetes mellitus Oral anti‐diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 220 participants | Very low |
Preconception care vs standard care Pregnancy · adolescent girls with type 1 or type 2 diabetes Preconception care for diabetic women for improving maternal and infant health (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 109 participants | Very low |
Preconception care vs standard care Death or morbidity composite · adolescent girls with type 1 or 2 diabetes Preconception care for diabetic women for improving maternal and infant health (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Preconception care vs standard care Congenital malformations · adolescent girls with type 1 or 2 diabetes Preconception care for diabetic women for improving maternal and infant health (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Preconception care vs standard care Adiposity · adolescent girls with type 1 or 2 diabetes Preconception care for diabetic women for improving maternal and infant health (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Preconception care vs standard care Type 1 or 2 diabetes · adolescent girls with type 1 or 2 diabetes Preconception care for diabetic women for improving maternal and infant health (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Preconception care vs standard care Neurosensory disability · adolescent girls with type 1 or 2 diabetes Preconception care for diabetic women for improving maternal and infant health (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Preconception care vs standard care Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy · adolescent girls with type 1 or type 2 diabetes Preconception care for diabetic women for improving maternal and infant health (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Preconception care vs standard care Caesarean section · adolescent girls with type 1 or type 2 diabetes Preconception care for diabetic women for improving maternal and infant health (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Preconception care vs standard care Perineal trauma · adolescent girls with type 1 or type 2 diabetes Preconception care for diabetic women for improving maternal and infant health (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Preconception care vs standard care Gestational weight gain · adolescent girls with type 1 or type 2 diabetes Preconception care for diabetic women for improving maternal and infant health (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Preconception care vs standard care Cardiovascular health · adolescent girls with type 1 or type 2 diabetes Preconception care for diabetic women for improving maternal and infant health (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Preconception care vs standard care Induction of labour · adolescent girls with type 1 or type 2 diabetes Preconception care for diabetic women for improving maternal and infant health (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Preconception care vs standard care Large‐for‐gestational age · adolescent girls with type 1 or 2 diabetes Preconception care for diabetic women for improving maternal and infant health (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Preconception care vs standard care Perinatal mortality · adolescent girls with type 1 or 2 diabetes Preconception care for diabetic women for improving maternal and infant health (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intermittent electronic fetal monitoring (CTG) vs routine Pinard (outcomes Apgar < 7 at 5 minutes · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.24, 1.83] | 1 study · 633 participants | Very low |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intermittent electronic fetal monitoring (CTG) vs routine Pinard (outcomes Maternal mortality · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intermittent electronic fetal monitoring (CTG) vs routine Pinard (outcomes Any pharmacological or non‐pharmacological analgesia use excluding epidural · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intermittent electronic fetal monitoring (CTG) vs routine Pinard (outcomes Epidural anaesthesia for pain relief excluding for caesarean section · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |