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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant
current versionsNo studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) vs azathioprine (AZA) Malignancy, any · patients with kidney transplant recipients Mycophenolic acid versus azathioprine as primary immunosuppression for kidney transplant recipients (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.6, 1.09] | 5 studies · 1735 participants | Very low |
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) vs azathioprine (AZA) Acute rejection, steroid resistant/antibody treated As reported in the articles · patients with kidney transplant recipients Mycophenolic acid versus azathioprine as primary immunosuppression for kidney transplant recipients (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.36, 0.65] | 15 studies · 2914 participants | High |
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) vs azathioprine (AZA) Infection, CMV tissue invasive As reported in the articles · patients with kidney transplant recipients Mycophenolic acid versus azathioprine as primary immunosuppression for kidney transplant recipients (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.7 [1.1, 2.61] | 7 studies · 1510 participants | High |
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) vs azathioprine (AZA) Acute rejection, total Any treated acute rejection, including biopsy‐proven · patients with kidney transplant recipients Mycophenolic acid versus azathioprine as primary immunosuppression for kidney transplant recipients (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.57, 0.73] | 22 studies · 3301 participants | High |
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) vs azathioprine (AZA) Chronic allograft nephropathy Biopsy required in 2 RCTs, one study with optional biopsy · patients with kidney transplant recipients Mycophenolic acid versus azathioprine as primary immunosuppression for kidney transplant recipients (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.48, 0.99] | 3 studies · 203 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Symptomatic bacterial UTI in adults and children in patients with and without recurrent UTI Probiotics versus placebo ( · adults and children at risk of UTI Probiotics for preventing urinary tract infections in adults and children (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.5, 1.13] | 6 studies · 352 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Symptomatic bacterial UTI in adults and children with recurrent UTI Probiotics versus placebo ( · adults and children at risk of UTI Probiotics for preventing urinary tract infections in adults and children (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.54, 1.01] | 4 studies · 275 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Symptomatic bacterial UTI in women with recent UTI Probiotics versus antibiotics ( · adults and children at risk of UTI Probiotics for preventing urinary tract infections in adults and children (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.95, 1.33] | 1 study · 223 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Symptomatic bacterial UTI in children with VUR Probiotics versus placebo ( · adults and children at risk of UTI Probiotics for preventing urinary tract infections in adults and children (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.24, 1.23] | 1 study · 96 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Number of subjects who developed symptomatic UTI (6 months to 1 year) · adults with asymptomatic bacteriuria Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.51, 2.43] | 5 studies · 1046 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Number of subjects who developed complications (10 months to 3 years) · adults with asymptomatic bacteriuria Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.36, 1.75] | 3 studies · 814 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Death (6 months to 8 years) · adults with asymptomatic bacteriuria Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.7, 1.41] | 6 studies · 761 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Number of subjects who develop any adverse event (42 days to 10 months) · adults with asymptomatic bacteriuria Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria (2015) · Cochrane | RR 3.77 [1.4, 10.15] | 3 studies · 248 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Number of subjects with bacteriological cure (42 days to 4 years) · adults with asymptomatic bacteriuria Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.32 [1.11, 4.83] | 9 studies · 1154 participants | Moderate |
Calcium‐enriched bread vs calcium acetate Serum phosphorus · people with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 53 participants | Very low |
Very low vs low protein diet Serum calcium · people with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Very low vs low protein diet Alkaline phosphatase · people with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Very low vs low protein diet Mortality · people with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Very low vs low protein diet Cardiovascular events · people with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Very low vs low protein diet Fracture · people with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low phosphorus vs normal diet Serum phosphorus · people with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 80 participants | Very low |
Low phosphorus vs normal diet Mortality · people with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low phosphorus vs normal diet Cardiovascular events · people with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low phosphorus vs normal diet Fracture · people with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Post‐haemodialysis dietary supplement vs normal diet Serum phosphorus · people with CKD‐MBD undergoing haemodialysis Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 54 participants | Very low |
Calcium‐enriched bread vs calcium acetate Serum calcium · people with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 53 participants | Very low |
Post‐haemodialysis dietary supplement vs normal diet Serum phosphorus ‐ home‐prepared dietary supplement versus normal diet · people with CKD‐MBD undergoing haemodialysis Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Post‐haemodialysis dietary supplement vs normal diet Serum phosphorus ‐ commercial dietary supplement versus normal diet · people with CKD‐MBD undergoing haemodialysis Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
Post‐haemodialysis dietary supplement vs normal diet Mortality · people with CKD‐MBD undergoing haemodialysis Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Post‐haemodialysis dietary supplement vs normal diet Cardiovascular events · people with CKD‐MBD undergoing haemodialysis Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Post‐haemodialysis dietary supplement vs normal diet Fracture · people with CKD‐MBD undergoing haemodialysis Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low phosphorus intake (avoiding food additives) vs normal diet Serum phosphorus · patients with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 279 participants | Very low |
Low phosphorus intake (avoiding food additives) vs normal diet Mortality · patients with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.18 [0.01, 3.82] | 1 study · 279 participants | Moderate |
Low phosphorus intake (avoiding food additives) vs normal diet Cardiovascular events · patients with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low phosphorus intake (avoiding food additives) vs normal diet Fracture · patients with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low phosphorus intake plus placebo vs ad libitum diet plus placebo Serum phosphorus · patients with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Calcium‐enriched bread vs calcium acetate Calcium × phosphate product · people with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 53 participants | Very low |
Low phosphorus intake plus placebo vs ad libitum diet plus placebo FGF‐23 · patients with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Low phosphorus intake plus placebo vs ad libitum diet plus placebo PTH · patients with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Low phosphorus intake plus placebo vs ad libitum diet plus placebo Mortality · patients with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low phosphorus intake plus placebo vs ad libitum diet plus placebo Cardiovascular events · patients with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low phosphorus intake plus placebo vs ad libitum diet plus placebo Fracture · patients with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low phosphorus intake plus lanthanum carbonate vs ad libitum diet plus lanthanum carbonate Serum phosphorus · patients with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 19 participants | Very low |
Low phosphorus intake plus lanthanum carbonate vs ad libitum diet plus lanthanum carbonate FGF‐23 · patients with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 19 participants | Very low |
Low phosphorus intake plus lanthanum carbonate vs ad libitum diet plus lanthanum carbonate PTH · patients with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 19 participants | Very low |
Low phosphorus intake plus lanthanum carbonate vs ad libitum diet plus lanthanum carbonate Mortality · patients with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low phosphorus intake plus lanthanum carbonate vs ad libitum diet plus lanthanum carbonate Cardiovascular events · patients with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calcium‐enriched bread vs calcium acetate Alkaline phosphatase activity · people with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 53 participants | Very low |
Low phosphorus intake plus lanthanum carbonate vs ad libitum diet plus lanthanum carbonate Fracture · patients with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calcium‐enriched bread vs calcium acetate Mortality · people with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |