Search review questions

aOne study and few events · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation

Visual acuity at 12 months post‐term (log/cycles/degree) · Preterm infants on enteral feed

Bayley MDI at 12 months post‐term · Preterm infants on enteral feed

Bayley PDI at 12 months post‐term · Preterm infants on enteral feed

Weight at 12 months post‐term (kg) · Preterm infants on enteral feed

Length at 12 months post‐term (cm) · Preterm infants on enteral feed

Head circumference at 12 months post‐term (cm) · Preterm infants on enteral feed

Neonatal death · very low birth weight infants

Chronic lung disease (oxygen use at 28 days in survivors) · very low birth weight infants

Death or chronic lung disease (oxygen use at 28 days) · very low birth weight infants

Death before 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · very low birth weight infants

Chronic lung disease (oxygen use at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age in survivors) · very low birth weight infants

Death or chronic lung disease (oxygen use at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age) · very low birth weight infants

Neurodevelopmental impairment at 18 to 22 months · very low birth weight infants

PIPP at 30 s after heel lance Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA. A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996) · neonates with heel lance‐associated pain

PIPP score Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with heel lance‐associated pain

PIPP score Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with heel lance‐associated pain

NIPS score Range of scale 0‐7 A lower score = less pain Lawrence 1993 · neonates with pain associated with heel lance

Revised NFCS Range of scale 0‐10 in term infants 0‐9 in preterm infants A lower score = less pain Grunau 1987 · neonates with pain associated with heel lance

Revised NFCS Range of scale 0‐10 in term infants 0‐9 in preterm infants A lower score = less pain Grunau 1987 · neonates with pain associated with heel lance

Revised NFCS Range of scale 0‐10 in term infants 0‐9 in preterm infants A lower score = less pain Grunau 1987 · neonates with pain associated with heel lance

Total Bernese Pain Scale for Neonates (BPSN) during heel lance · neonates with pain associated with repeated heel lances

Total Bernese Pain Scale for Neonates during recovery from heel lance · neonates with pain associated with repeated heel lances

Total Bernese Pain Scale for Neonates during heel lance (preterm infants) · neonates with pain associated with repeated heel lances

Total Bernese Pain Scale for Neonates during recovery (preterm infants) · neonates with pain associated with repeated heel lances

PIPP at 60 s after heel lance Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants >3 6 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with heel lance‐associated pain

NIPS score in term and preterm infants Range of scale 0‐7 A lower score = less pain Lawrence 1993 · neonates with pain associated with venipuncture

PIPP score during venipuncture Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain associated with venipuncture

PIPP score Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain associated with venipuncture

PIPP score during post‐injection period Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain associated with venipuncture

DAN score during venipuncture (preterm infants) Range of scale 0‐10 A lower score = less pain (Carbajal 1997) · neonates with pain associated with venipuncture

DAN score during the post‐injection period Range of scale 0‐10 A lower score = less pain (Carbajal 1997) · neonates with pain associated with venipuncture

NIPS during 1‐2 minutes after IM injection Range of scale 0‐7 A lower score = less pain Lawrence 1993 · neonates with pain associated with intramuscular injection

PIPP during IM injection (term infants) ‐ Infants of non‐diabetic and diabetic mothers Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain associated with intramuscular injection

NIPS during 1‐2 minutes after immunization Range of scale 0‐7 A lower score = less pain Lawrence 1993 · neonates with pain associated with intramuscular injection

Change in DAN score Range of scale 0‐10 A lower score = less pain (Carbajal 1997) · neonates with pain associated with bladder catheterization

PIPP score during heel lance (1st heel lance) Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with heel lance‐associated pain

PIPP score intra procedure Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain associated with orogastric tube insertion

PIPP score 30 seconds post procedure Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain associated with orogastric tube insertion

PIPP score 1 min post procedure Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain associated with orogastric tube insertion

PIPP during exam Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain/distress associated with ROP examination

PIPP score during eye examination Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates

N‐PASS score during circumcision Range of scale 0‐13 A lower score = less pain (Hummel 2010) · neonates undergoing circumcision

N‐PASS score after 5 min Range of scale 0‐13 A lower score = less pain (Hummel 2010) · neonates undergoing circumcision

N‐PASS score during circumcision Range 0‐13 A lower score = less pain (Hummel 2010) · neonates undergoing circumcision

N‐PASS score after 5 min Range 0‐13 A lower score = less pain (Hummel 2010) · neonates undergoing circumcision

PIPP · neonates undergoing echocardiography

DAN score at 30 s after heel lance Range of scale 0‐10 A lower score = less pain (Carbajal 1997) · neonates with heel lance‐associated pain

Motor development and vigor (MDV) domain of the NAPI tool Normative mean and SD at 36 weeks PMA 63 (14.5) Higher scores are associated with more mature behaviour (Snider 2005) · neonates with pain associated with potentially painful procedures for 7 days

Alertness and orientation (AO) domain of the NAPI tool Normative mean and SD at 36 weeks PMA 54 (19.4) Higher scores are associated with more mature behaviour (Snider 2005) · neonates with pain associated with potentially painful procedures for 7 days