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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,325 questions in 216 reviews · Airways
current versionsNo studies 249 · 10.7%Ungraded 107 · 4.6%Very low 276 · 11.9%Low 751 · 32.3%Moderate 718 · 30.9%High 224 · 9.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Aclidinium bromide vs placebo Quality of life Number of patients who achieved at least 4 units improvement in SGRQ total score · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Aclidinium bromide for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · Cochrane | OR 1.49 [1.31, 1.7] | 7 studies · 4420 participants | High |
Aclidinium bromide vs placebo Functional capacity Six‐minute walking distance · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Aclidinium bromide for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Aclidinium bromide vs placebo Hospital admissions due to exacerbations · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Aclidinium bromide for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · Cochrane | OR 0.64 [0.46, 0.88] | 10 studies · 5624 participants | High |
Aclidinium bromide vs placebo Non‐fatal serious adverse events · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Aclidinium bromide for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · Cochrane | OR 0.89 [0.7, 1.14] | 10 studies · 5651 participants | Moderate |
Aclidinium bromide vs tiotropium Mortality (all‐cause) · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Aclidinium bromide for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 329 participants | Ungraded |
Aclidinium bromide vs tiotropium Exacerbations requiring steroids, antibiotics or both · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Aclidinium bromide for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · Cochrane | OR 2.64 [0.31, 22.18] | 2 studies · 729 participants | Very low |
Aclidinium bromide vs tiotropium Quality of life St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) score · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Aclidinium bromide for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Health‐related quality of life · participants with asthma Vitamins C and E for asthma and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Asthma exacerbation as defined by hospital admission or treatment with a course of oral corticosteroids · participants with asthma Vitamins C and E for asthma and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Lung function (FEV1, PEF) · participants with asthma Vitamins C and E for asthma and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 192 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Symptoms · participants with asthma Vitamins C and E for asthma and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 15 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adverse events · participants with asthma Vitamins C and E for asthma and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 15 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Health‐related quality of life · participants with exercise‐induced asthma Vitamins C and E for asthma and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Asthma exacerbation as defined by hospital admission or treatment with a course of oral corticosteroids · participants with exercise‐induced asthma Vitamins C and E for asthma and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Lung function (FEV1, PEF) · participants with exercise‐induced asthma Vitamins C and E for asthma and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 8 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adverse events · participants with exercise‐induced asthma Vitamins C and E for asthma and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Hospital admissions · adults with acute asthma Intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating adults with acute asthma in the emergency department (2014) · Cochrane | OR 0.75 [0.6, 0.92] | 11 studies · 1769 participants | High |
Intervention NR Intensive care unit (ICU) admissions · adults with acute asthma Intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating adults with acute asthma in the emergency department (2014) · Cochrane | OR 2.03 [0.7, 5.89] | 1 study · 752 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Length of hospital stay (days) · adults with acute asthma Intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating adults with acute asthma in the emergency department (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 949 participants | Low |
Intervention NR ED treatment duration (minutes) · adults with acute asthma Intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating adults with acute asthma in the emergency department (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 96 participants | Low |
Intervention NR FEV1 (% predicted) · adults with acute asthma Intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating adults with acute asthma in the emergency department (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 523 participants | High |
Intervention NR PEF (L/min) · adults with acute asthma Intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating adults with acute asthma in the emergency department (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 1460 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Respiratory rate (breaths/min) · adults with acute asthma Intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating adults with acute asthma in the emergency department (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1195 participants | Moderate |
Multiple treatment of beta₂‐agonist via spacer (chamber) vs nebuliser Hospital admission · children with acute asthma Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta‐agonist treatment of acute asthma (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.47, 1.08] | 9 studies · 757 participants | Low |
Multiple treatment of beta₂‐agonist via spacer (chamber) vs nebuliser Number of participants developing tremor · Adults with acute asthma Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta‐agonist treatment of acute asthma (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.66, 1.9] | 4 studies · 234 participants | Moderate |
Multiple treatment of beta₂‐agonist via spacer (chamber) vs nebuliser Duration in emergency department (minutes) · children with acute asthma Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta‐agonist treatment of acute asthma (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 396 participants | Moderate |
Multiple treatment of beta₂‐agonist via spacer (chamber) vs nebuliser Final rise in FEV₁ (% predicted) · children with acute asthma Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta‐agonist treatment of acute asthma (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 48 participants | Low |
Multiple treatment of beta₂‐agonist via spacer (chamber) vs nebuliser Rise in pulse rate (% baseline) · children with acute asthma Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta‐agonist treatment of acute asthma (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 670 participants | Moderate |
Multiple treatment of beta₂‐agonist via spacer (chamber) vs nebuliser Number of participants developing tremor · children with acute asthma Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta‐agonist treatment of acute asthma (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.44, 0.95] | 4 studies · 254 participants | Moderate |
Multiple treatment of beta₂‐agonist via spacer (chamber) vs nebuliser Hospital admission · Adults with acute asthma Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta‐agonist treatment of acute asthma (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.61, 1.43] | 9 studies · 582 participants | Moderate |
Multiple treatment of beta₂‐agonist via spacer (chamber) vs nebuliser Duration in emergency department (minutes). · Adults with acute asthma Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta‐agonist treatment of acute asthma (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 132 participants | Moderate |
Multiple treatment of beta₂‐agonist via spacer (chamber) vs nebuliser Final rise in FEV₁(% predicted) · Adults with acute asthma Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta‐agonist treatment of acute asthma (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 307 participants | High |
Multiple treatment of beta₂‐agonist via spacer (chamber) vs nebuliser Rise in pulse rate (% baseline) · Adults with acute asthma Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta‐agonist treatment of acute asthma (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 376 participants | High |
Anticholinergic and short‐acting beta2‐agonists vs beta2‐agonists alone (all protocols) Primary outcome: hospital admissions hospital admissions · children with initial treatment of acute asthma Combined inhaled anticholinergics and short‐acting beta₂‐agonists for initial treatment of acute asthma in… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.63, 0.85] | 19 studies · 2497 participants | High |
Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo Protection from experiencing an asthma exacerbation of any cause over the influenza season ‐ children (over 6 years of age) given inactivated influenza vaccine · children and adults with asthma Vaccines for preventing influenza in people with asthma (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 696 participants | Moderate |
Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo Protection from experiencing an influenza‐related asthma exacerbation over the influenza season ‐ children (over 6 years of age) given inactivated influenza vaccine · children and adults with asthma Vaccines for preventing influenza in people with asthma (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 696 participants | Moderate |
Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo Asthma exacerbation (adverse effects) caused by inactivated influenza vaccine, measured in the first 2 weeks following vaccination ‐ children (over 3 years of age) given inactivated influenza vaccine · children and adults with asthma Vaccines for preventing influenza in people with asthma (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 712 participants | Moderate |
Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo Protection from experiencing an asthma exacerbation of any cause over the influenza season ‐ adults given inactivated influenza vaccine · children and adults with asthma Vaccines for preventing influenza in people with asthma (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo Protection from experiencing an influenza‐related asthma exacerbation over the influenza season ‐ adults given inactivated influenza vaccine · children and adults with asthma Vaccines for preventing influenza in people with asthma (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo Asthma exacerbation (adverse effects) caused by inactivated influenza vaccine, measured in the first 2 weeks following vaccination ‐ adults given inactivated influenza vaccine · children and adults with asthma Vaccines for preventing influenza in people with asthma (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1526 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Asthma symptoms measured using various techniques. · patients with asthma aged eight years or older Physical training for asthma (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 315 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Quality of life Measured using various scales. · patients with asthma aged eight years or older Physical training for asthma (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 212 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Exercise tolerance Measured using 6MWD · patients with asthma aged eight years or older Physical training for asthma (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 34 participants | Low |
Intervention NR PEFR L/min · patients with asthma aged eight years or older Physical training for asthma (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 77 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR VEmax · patients with asthma aged eight years or older Physical training for asthma (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 200 participants | Low |
Intervention NR VOmax · patients with asthma aged eight years or older Physical training for asthma (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 267 participants | Low |
Intervention NR HRmax bpm · patients with asthma aged eight years or older Physical training for asthma (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 34 participants | Low |
MHRV vs placebo Change in Morning PEF after 12 months (% predicted) · asthmatics with sensitivity to house dust mite Dehumidifiers for chronic asthma (2013) · Cochrane | MD 13.59 | 1 study · 100 participants | Moderate |
MHRV vs placebo Change in Evening PEF after 12 months (% predicted) · asthmatics with sensitivity to house dust mite Dehumidifiers for chronic asthma (2013) · Cochrane | MD 24.56 [8.97, 40.15] | 1 study · 100 participants | Moderate |
MHRV vs placebo Change in FEV1 after 12 months (% predicted) · asthmatics with sensitivity to house dust mite Dehumidifiers for chronic asthma (2013) · Cochrane | MD 1.32 | 1 study · 100 participants | Moderate |