Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
611 questions in 50 reviews · Injuries
current versionsNo studies 125 · 20.5%Ungraded 22 · 3.6%Very low 185 · 30.3%Low 171 · 28%Moderate 77 · 12.6%High 31 · 5.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Pneumonia or other serious infection · adults with traumatic brain injury Interventions to reduce body temperature to 35 ⁰C to 37 ⁰C in adults and children with traumatic brain injury (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Driving frequency Measured at end of study · teenagers, aged 17–19 years Mobility management to prevent, reduce, or delay driving a car in teenagers (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Holding a driving licence Measured at the end of study · teenagers, aged 17–19 years Mobility management to prevent, reduce, or delay driving a car in teenagers (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.45, 0.85] | 1 study · 158 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Driving distance Measured at the end of study · teenagers, aged 17–19 years Mobility management to prevent, reduce, or delay driving a car in teenagers (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Car crashes Measured at the end of study · teenagers, aged 17–19 years Mobility management to prevent, reduce, or delay driving a car in teenagers (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Behavioural predictors of car use Intention to use active transport after obtaining a driving licence. Measured pre‐ and postintervention, and at 8 weeks' · teenagers, aged 17–19 years Mobility management to prevent, reduce, or delay driving a car in teenagers (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 860 participants | Very low |
Hypertonic saline vs other intracranial pressure‐lowering agents Mortality (short‐term) · people with acute traumatic brain injury Hypertonic saline versus other intracranial pressure–lowering agents for people with acute traumatic brain… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 | 2 studies · 70 participants | Very low |
Hypertonic saline vs other intracranial pressure‐lowering agents Mortality at 6 months · people with acute traumatic brain injury Hypertonic saline versus other intracranial pressure–lowering agents for people with acute traumatic brain… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.46, 1.55] | 2 studies · 85 participants | Very low |
Hypertonic saline vs other intracranial pressure‐lowering agents Glasgow Outcome Scale: poor outcome at 6 months · people with acute traumatic brain injury Hypertonic saline versus other intracranial pressure–lowering agents for people with acute traumatic brain… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.82, 1.44] | 2 studies · 85 participants | Very low |
Hypertonic saline vs other intracranial pressure‐lowering agents Uncontrolled ICP during treatment · people with acute traumatic brain injury Hypertonic saline versus other intracranial pressure–lowering agents for people with acute traumatic brain… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 287 participants | Very low |
Hypertonic saline vs other intracranial pressure‐lowering agents A rebound phenomenon during treatment · people with acute traumatic brain injury Hypertonic saline versus other intracranial pressure–lowering agents for people with acute traumatic brain… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 32 participants | Very low |
Hypertonic saline vs other intracranial pressure‐lowering agents Pulmonary oedema during treatment · people with acute traumatic brain injury Hypertonic saline versus other intracranial pressure–lowering agents for people with acute traumatic brain… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Hypertonic saline vs other intracranial pressure‐lowering agents Acute renal failure during treatment · people with acute traumatic brain injury Hypertonic saline versus other intracranial pressure–lowering agents for people with acute traumatic brain… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Rate of positive results found by RAT among airline employees in the USA Random tests were conducted by certified technicians using National Highway Traffic Safety Administration approved devices according to the US Department of Transportation Pr... · Workers in positions with safety‐sensitive functions, other than commercial drivers Random drug and alcohol testing for preventing injury in workers (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Fatal injuries — not measured · Workers in positions with safety‐sensitive functions, other than commercial drivers Random drug and alcohol testing for preventing injury in workers (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Non‐fatal injuries — not measured · Workers in positions with safety‐sensitive functions, other than commercial drivers Random drug and alcohol testing for preventing injury in workers (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Non‐injury accidents — not measured · Workers in positions with safety‐sensitive functions, other than commercial drivers Random drug and alcohol testing for preventing injury in workers (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Absenteeism — not measured · Workers in positions with safety‐sensitive functions, other than commercial drivers Random drug and alcohol testing for preventing injury in workers (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Adverse events associated with RAT — not measured · Workers in positions with safety‐sensitive functions, other than commercial drivers Random drug and alcohol testing for preventing injury in workers (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Incidence of amputation in participants (3‐month · people with severe frostbite injuries Interventions for frostbite injuries (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.05 | 1 study · 31 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Acute pain · people with severe frostbite injuries Interventions for frostbite injuries (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Chronic pain · people with severe frostbite injuries Interventions for frostbite injuries (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Withdrawal from intervention due to adverse events · people with severe frostbite injuries Interventions for frostbite injuries (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 31 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Occupational effects · people with severe frostbite injuries Interventions for frostbite injuries (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Mortality · people with severe frostbite injuries Interventions for frostbite injuries (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 31 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Incidence of amputations in participants (3‐month · people with severe frostbite injuries Interventions for frostbite injuries (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.14 | 1 study · 32 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Adverse events · people with severe frostbite injuries Interventions for frostbite injuries (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Acute pain · people with severe frostbite injuries Interventions for frostbite injuries (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Chronic pain · people with severe frostbite injuries Interventions for frostbite injuries (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Withdrawal from intervention due to adverse events · people with severe frostbite injuries Interventions for frostbite injuries (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 32 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Adverse events · people with severe frostbite injuries Interventions for frostbite injuries (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Occupational effects · people with severe frostbite injuries Interventions for frostbite injuries (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Mortality · people with severe frostbite injuries Interventions for frostbite injuries (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 32 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Acute pain · people with severe frostbite injuries Interventions for frostbite injuries (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Chronic pain · people with severe frostbite injuries Interventions for frostbite injuries (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Withdrawal from intervention due to adverse events · people with severe frostbite injuries Interventions for frostbite injuries (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 31 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Occupational effects · people with severe frostbite injuries Interventions for frostbite injuries (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Mortality · people with severe frostbite injuries Interventions for frostbite injuries (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 31 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Incidence of amputation in participants (3‐month · people with severe frostbite injuries Interventions for frostbite injuries (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.31 | 1 study · 31 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Adverse events · people with severe frostbite injuries Interventions for frostbite injuries (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Decompressive craniectomy vs medical treatment only Mortality at 6 months · patients > 12 months of age with a severe traumatic brain injury and in a coma (post‐resuscitation GOS score ≤ 8… Decompressive craniectomy for the treatment of high intracranial pressure in closed traumatic brain injury (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 | 3 studies · 571 participants | Moderate |
Decompressive craniectomy vs medical treatment only Mortality at 12 months · patients > 12 months of age with a severe traumatic brain injury and in a coma (post‐resuscitation GOS score ≤ 8… Decompressive craniectomy for the treatment of high intracranial pressure in closed traumatic brain injury (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.45, 0.76] | 1 study · 373 participants | High |
Decompressive craniectomy vs medical treatment only 'Unfavorable outcome' as per original Cochrane protocol at 6 months · patients > 12 months of age with a severe traumatic brain injury and in a coma (post‐resuscitation GOS score ≤ 8… Decompressive craniectomy for the treatment of high intracranial pressure in closed traumatic brain injury (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1 | 3 studies · 571 participants | Low |
Decompressive craniectomy vs medical treatment only 'Unfavorable outcome' as per original Cochrane protocol ‐ at 12 months · patients > 12 months of age with a severe traumatic brain injury and in a coma (post‐resuscitation GOS score ≤ 8… Decompressive craniectomy for the treatment of high intracranial pressure in closed traumatic brain injury (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.83, 1.09] | 1 study · 373 participants | High |
Decompressive craniectomy vs medical treatment only Changes in ICP from randomization up to 48 h · patients > 12 months of age with a severe traumatic brain injury and in a coma (post‐resuscitation GOS score ≤ 8… Decompressive craniectomy for the treatment of high intracranial pressure in closed traumatic brain injury (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 182 participants | Moderate |
Decompressive craniectomy vs medical treatment only Adverse events assessed in various ways, up to 24 months · patients > 12 months of age with a severe traumatic brain injury and in a coma (post‐resuscitation GOS score ≤ 8… Decompressive craniectomy for the treatment of high intracranial pressure in closed traumatic brain injury (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 544 participants | Low |
More than 24 hours of antibiotics vs 24 hours of antibiotics Abdominal surgical site infection · people undergoing laparotomy for penetrating abdominal trauma Prophylactic antibiotics for penetrating abdominal trauma: duration of use and antibiotic choice (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.81, 1.23] | 7 studies · 1261 participants | Very low |
Anaerobic coverage only vs gram‐positive and gram‐negative coverage Abdominal surgical site infection · people undergoing laparotomy for penetrating abdominal trauma Prophylactic antibiotics for penetrating abdominal trauma: duration of use and antibiotic choice (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.32, 1.45] | 2 studies · 160 participants | Very low |
Anaerobic coverage only vs gram‐positive and gram‐negative coverage Mortality · people undergoing laparotomy for penetrating abdominal trauma Prophylactic antibiotics for penetrating abdominal trauma: duration of use and antibiotic choice (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 160 participants | Very low |
Anaerobic coverage only vs gram‐positive and gram‐negative coverage Intra‐abdominal infection · people undergoing laparotomy for penetrating abdominal trauma Prophylactic antibiotics for penetrating abdominal trauma: duration of use and antibiotic choice (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.15, 2.07] | 1 study · 66 participants | Very low |