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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

157 questions · 161 findings · 17 reviews · Neonatal

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No studies found 41 · 25.5%GRADE not reported 3 · 1.9%Very low 24 · 14.9%Low 37 · 23%Moderate 54 · 33.5%High 2 · 1.2%

Early inhaled steroids (< 2 weeks) vs placebo (among all randomised)

Death by, or CLD at, 36 weeks' PMA Death or oxygen dependency at 36 weeks' PMA · very low birth weight preterm neonates

Early inhaled steroids (< 2 weeks) probably leads to lower death by, or CLD at, 36 weeks' PMA Death or oxygen dependency at 36… compared with placebo (among all randomised) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early inhaled steroids (< 2 weeks) vs placebo (among survivors)

CLD at 36 weeks' PMA · very low birth weight preterm neonates

Early inhaled steroid (< 2 weeks) probably leads to lower CLD at 36 weeks' PMA compared with placebo (among survivors) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A vs no supplementation

Chronic lung disease · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk

Supplemental vitamin A showed no clear difference in chronic lung disease (oxygen use at 28 days in survivors) compared with no supplementation (moderate certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Vitamin A vs no supplementation

Death or chronic lung disease · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk

Supplemental vitamin A probably leads to lower death or chronic lung disease (oxygen use at 28 days) compared with no supplementation (moderate certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Vitamin A vs no supplementation

Death before 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk

Supplemental vitamin A showed no clear difference in death before 36 weeks' postmenstrual age compared with no supplementation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A vs no supplementation

Neurodevelopmental impairment at 18 to 22 months · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk

Supplemental vitamin A showed no clear difference in neurodevelopmental impairment at 18 to 22 months compared with no supplementation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Chronic lung disease ‒moderate to severe BPD · infants below 33 weeks of postmenstrual age who required resuscitation in the delivery room

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes chronic lung disease ‒moderate to severe BPD (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Cranial ultrasound abnormalities ‒intraventricular haemorrhage grade 3 to 4 · infants below 33 weeks of postmenstrual age who required resuscitation in the delivery room

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes cranial ultrasound abnormalities ‒intraventricular haemorrhage grade… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review